Bismuth oxides doped with

Research chemists found that they could modify the conducting properties of solids by doping them, a process commonly used to control the properties of semiconductors (see Section 3.13). In 1986, a record-high Ts of 35 K was observed, surprisingly not for a metal, but for a ceramic material (Section 14.24), a lanthanum-copper oxide doped with barium. Then early in 1987, a new record T, of 93 K was set with yttrium-barium-copper and a series of related oxides. In 1988, two more oxide series of bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper and thallium-barium-calcium-copper exhibited transition temperatures of 110 and 125 K, respectively. These temperatures can be reached by cooling the materials with liquid nitrogen, which costs only about 0.20 per liter. Suddenly, superconducting devices became economically viable. 

Kim J, Kimura T, Yamaguchi ET. Sintering of zinc oxide doped with antimony oxide and bismuth oxide. J Tto Ceram Soc. 1989 72 1390-1395. DOI 10.1111/]. 1151-2916.1989.tb07659.x... 

In our laboratory we showed that Bi-Mo (W,V,Ti) Aurivillius or Sillen phases and bismuth-molybdenum oxides supported on titania were more selective for the P.O.D. to propene [8,9]. In this field our objective was to improve the activity of molybdenum based materials either for the P.O.D. to propene or the selective oxidation of propane to acrolein and acrylic acid. For these reasons we have focused on the catalytic performances of NiMo04 Mo03 phases doped with bismuth. 

In order to decrease the overpotential for cysteine oxidation in cysteine-containing peptides, graphite-epoxy resin or carbon paste electrodes with immobilized cobalt phthalocyanine have been employed in HPLC systems [53,87-89]. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with a mixed-valence ruthenium(I V,III) oxide film stabilized by cyano cross-links [61,62], indium ferricyanide [63], or a Prussian blue film [64], and a bismuth(V)-doped lead dioxide Pb02 film on gold [65] have also been used for detection following HPLC separation. In addition, a carbon fiber modified with a nfixed-valence ruthenium(IV,III) oxide film stabilized by cyano cross-links has been used in CE [46]. 

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