4,4 -Biphenol, and

An aromatic polysulfone based on 4,4 -biphenol and 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (Bp PSF) was shown to be the most resistant of a systggatic series of poly (arylene ether sulfones) to Co gamma irradiation. 

Several other minor metabolites of phenol have been identified in vitro. The formation of 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene in a 20 1 molar ratio was observed in isolated rat liver microsomes incubated with phenol (Sawahata and Neal 1983). Further catalysis to / -benzoquinone, 4,4 -biphenol, and biphenoquinone has been demonstrated in microsomes and in in vitro peroxidase preparations. The benzoquinone products react nonenzymatically with nucleophiles, including cysteine and reduced glutathione, to yield. V-conjugates of 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and 4,4-biphenol (Eastmond et al. 1986 Lunte and Kissinger 1983 Subrahmanyam and O Brien 1985). 

LC materials have also been employed as films, plastics, and resins. Poly(l,4-benzoate) has been marketed under the name Ekonol. It decomposes before it melts, hence it does not form LC melts. Copolymerization with 4,4 -biphenol and terephthalic acid gives Ekkcel,... 

The preliminary electron beam experiments on all aromatic polyfarylene ether sulfone)s were performed by Hedrick et al. [58] and the detailed investigation on radiation effects of these polymers were recently carried out by Lewis et al. [59]. They found that an aromatic polysulfone based on 4,4 -biphenol and 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone exhibited the highest radiation tolerant in a systematic series of polyfarylene ether sulfone)s with "/-irradiation up to 4 x 106 Gy. 

Chen and Eastmond (1995) showed that benzene metabolites can adversely affect human topoisomerases, enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair. No effect of any metabolite was seen on human topoisomerase I or for topoisomerase II for hydroquinone, phenol, 2,2 -biphenol, 4,4 -biphenol and catechol at concentrations as high as 500 pM. 1,4-Benzoquinone and 1,2,4-benzenetriol inhibited human topoisomerase II in vitro, at 500 and 250 pM without bioactivation. However, following bioactivation, phenol and 2,2 -biphenol showed inhibitory effects at doses as low as 50 pM, whereas 4,4 -biphenol inhibited topoisomerase II at concentrations of 10 pM. 

The homopolyestcr of 4-hydroxybcnzoic acid and its copolyestcrs with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and with 4,4 -biphenol and tcrephthalic acid are of continuing commercial and academic interest. (1,2) From the applications side, interest stems from the high moduli and high temperature properties of these polymers, while on the fundamental side, interest arises from the main-chain thermotropic liquid crystalline... 

The use of a phthalazinone monomer results in a melt processable semi-crystalline PEEK with a glass transition temperature above 180 °C [14]. This polymer type is not soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform. The polymer can be prepared by the polymerization of 4,4 -difluorobenzophenone with 4,4 -biphenol and 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalazin-l(2H)-one (phthalazinone). These polymers can be processed via melt processing such as extrusion and injection molding. 

Cardo PEEK copolymers with pendant hydroxyl ethyl groups (—CH2CH2OH) can be synthesized from 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)isoindolin-l-one, 4,4 -biphenol, and 4,4 -dilluorodiphenylsulfone [85]. The monomers are shown in Figure 6.12. 

A monomer with pendant allyl groups, 3,3 -diallyl-4,4 -dihydroxybiphenyl, can be synthesized from 4,4 -biphenol and allyl bromide. In the second step, a Claisen rearrangement is done [21]. The synthesis of the monomer is shown in Figure 7.3. 

Quatemized PAES with up to two pendant quaternary ammonium groups have been prepared by a cesium carbonate mediated direct aromatic nucleophihc subshtuhon polycondensahon of 2,2 -dimethylaminemethylene-4,4 -biphenol, 4,4 -biphenol, and 4,4 -difluorodiphenyl sulfone, followed by the reaction with iodomethane [96]. These types of ionomers are more stable than some fluorinated PAES ionomers under highly basic conditions. 

Also, multi-block PAES copolymers with pendant quaternary ammonium groups have been synthesized [114]. One block is made from 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethyl-4,4 -biphenol and 4,4 -difluorodiphenyl sulfone. The other block is made from bis(4-hydroxyphenol) sulfone and 4,4 -difluorodiphenyl sulfone. After combining the two blocks, the pendant methyl groups in the 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethyl-4,4 -biphenol moiety are bro-momethylated with A-bromosuccinimide and finally quaternized. The materials are used for alkaline fuel cells. 

Both the 4,4 -biphenol and hydroquinone based membranes show high proton conduchvity with moderate water uptake and good mechanical properties. The block copolymers have nanophase separated morphologies [46]. 

The crosslinking agent is prepared from 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethyl-4,4 -biphenol and epichlorohydrin, as shown in Figure 16.4. 

RADEL-R [76,103] alternating copolymer of 4,4 -biphenol and dichlorodiphenyl sulfone... 

P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han, Fully aromatic liquid crystalline polyesters of phenyl-substimted 4,4 -biphenols and l,l -t>inaphthyl-4,4 -diol with either 2-bromoterephthaUc acid or 2-phenylterephthaUc acid. Macromolecules, 26, 5287 (1993). 

Figure 3 summarizes the molecular architecture used to promote polyester melt anisotropy at reasonable temperatures. The Celanese, DuPont and Eastman laboratories have outlined most of the key approaches to lower polymer melting point via crystalline order disruption. This is accomplished while maintaining sufficient molecular symmetry to preserve the melt anisotropy inherent in linear aromatic polyesters, that is, polyesters derived typically from symmetric monomers as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid, hydroquinone, 4,4 -biphenol and the like. 

Crystalline high melting (380-400°C) and high Tg (260-310°C) poly(aryl ether sulfones) were obtained by the condensation of fl3) with hydroquinone, 4,4 -biphenol and 4,4"-bis (4-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-p-terphenyl. Interestingly, however, the condensation of (13) with... 

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