Biosensor implantable glucose

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An implanted glucose biosensor (Freestyle Navigator System) operated for five days [149[. 

To summarize, the advent of redox-relay modified polymers, such as redox hydrogels, conducting polymers, or EDPs, enabled the development of biosensors that even made it to commercial applications such as implantable glucose sensors. In addition, this approach is now increasingly used for the development of biofuel cells. 

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Koh, A., Lu, Y., Schoenfisch, M.H., 2013. Fabrication of nitric oxide-releasing porous polyurethane membranes-coated needle-type implantable glucose biosensors. Analytical Chemistry 85, 10488-10494. 

Wang, N., Burugapalli, K., Song, W., Halls, J., Moussy, E, Ray, A., Zheng, Y., 2013. Electro-spun fibro-porous polyurethane coatings for implantable glucose biosensors. Biomaterials 34, 888-901. 

The polymers that immobilize enzymes on the electrodes respond to analytes through an electron-transfer process. Different materials and their combinations have been applied on the elechodes to improve the sensitivity, biocompatibiUty, and lifetime of the biosensors. The redox enzymes can be either chemically bound within the cross-linked polymer network or physically embedded within the materials. Figure 11.5 shows a typical implantable glucose electrode with a sandwich structure designed... 

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