Biopharmaceutics vaginal

Due to the lack of activity after oral administration for most peptides and proteins, administration by injection or infusion - that is, by intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), or intramuscular (IM) administration - is frequently the preferred route of delivery for these drug products. In addition, other non-oral administration pathways have been utilized, including nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, transder-mal, ocular, or pulmonary drug delivery. Some of these delivery pathways will be discussed in the following sections in the order of the increasing biopharmaceutic challenges to obtain adequate systemic exposure. 

Suppositories Enemas Pessaries Vaginal solutions Biopharmaceutics Formulation Preparation Hard fat Content uniformity... 

In contrast, very little is known about the biopharmaceutics of vaginal dosage forms. The vagina has good absorbing properties, but this is seldom used for a systemic effect. Vaginal dosage forms are administered for a local effect only. 

Rectal and vaginal dosage forms aimed to obtain a local effect are, from a biopharmaceutical viewpoint, comparable with dermal preparations. However it should be known that after rectal and vaginal application a greater part of the active substance may reach the general circulation than after cutaneous application. This may result in significant blood levels and unwanted systemic effects. 

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