Biological systems living state

Non-equilibrium phenomena have wide applications in real systems. Living state is such a typical non-equilibrium state. These have relevance in Physiology, Geology, Physical Science and Biological Science, Economics and Social Dynamics. 

Only against this background can we turn to living cells to examine them as systems. We shall presume that the steps in understanding any chemical system, living or dead, have to be the same, and with the above history of chemistry behind us and the future of biology in front of us, we can state them clearly as follows ... 

As these examples illustrate, in vivo CARS microspectroscopy with shot-noise limited detection sensitivity allows the noninvasive quantification of densities, chemical composition, and physical state of molecular species inside biological systems ranging from a single lipid monolayer to a complex living cell. 

Indications of the condition of living systems in ecology are similar to those in medicine, veterinary science and animal husbandry. The aim of research in this area is to be able to identify characteristics which can define the best possible state of organisms and populations, and can also signal and quantify deviations from it. Such indications should have high resolving power, so as to reveal the situation in deeply hidden processes within the biological systems. 

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