Biological species introduced

The possibility that trace elements can represent one limiting factor to the biological activity introduces the necessity to identify and quantify their bioavailable chemical forms. Therefore, use of analytical methods with the ability to differentiate individual species, oxidation states and association with inorganic and organic ligands is as important as an accurate determination of the total concentration of these elements. 

Methods and measurements used in biomonitoring for ecological effects. A number of methods are used both in a laboratory situation and in the field to attempt to classify the effects of xeno-biotics upon ecological systems. Toxicity tests can be used to examine effects at several levels of biological organization and can be performed with species introduced as monitors for a particular environment. 

There exists an extensive literature on birth-death and migration processes of biological species, of which [4.1-8] is only a small selection. This literature includes stochastic models as well as mean value models. Although there is, of course, some overlap with these models - the approach introduced here contains several important new features ... 

Table XI (346-390) lists a number of calcium-binding proteins and indicates very succinctly their role in biological systems. This table both illustrates the range of functions of calcium-binding proteins and serves to introduce those which appear subsequently in this chapter. The structures and functions of particularly important calcium-binding proteins such as calmodulin, parvalbumin, and troponin C are described in standard texts on biochemistry. The minimal Table XI entry for the particularly important calmodulins is amplified in the next paragraph. Table XI provides a sprinkling of references to enable readers to gain entry into the literature, for these and for most of the less-familiar species.

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