Biological nonspecific

In biological materials, various nonspecific precipitants have been used in the gravimetric deterrnination of choline, including potassium triiodide, platinum chloride, gold chloride, and phosphotungstic acid (28). Choline may also be determined spectrophotometricaHy and by microbiological, enzymatic, and physiological assay methods. 

Papaverine (107) is among the host of minor alkaloids that have been isolated from opium. The compound is distinct in its biologic activity from many of the other opium constituents in that it does not exhibit any analgesic activity. Instead, papaverine acts as a nonspecific spasmolytic agent. As such, it has found... 

As it is the case in polypeptide folding, nonspecific or promiscuous RNA-binding proteins can prevent RNA mis-folding and resolve mis-foldedRNAs, thereby ensuring that RNA is accessible for its biological function [ 1 ]. Certain DEAD-box proteins as well as some proteins that are involved in the assembly of ribonuleoparticles were shown to act as RNA chaperones. 

Early theories of the biological effects of ethanol were based on alterations of lipids in biomembranes (Goldstein et al. 1983 Seeman 1972). Such a nonspecific mechanism provided little guidance for the development of therapeu-... 

Before the first indication of the existence of cannabinoid receptors, the prevailing theory on the mechanism of cannabinoid activity was that cannabinoids exert their effects by nonspecific interactions with cell membrane lipids (Makriyannis, 1990). Such interactions can increase the membrane fluidity, perturb the lipid bilayer and concomitantly alter the function of membrane-associated proteins (Loh, 1980). A plethora of experimental evidence suggests that cannabinoids interact with membrane lipids and modify the properties of membranes. However, the relevance of these phenomena to biological activities is still only, at best, correlative. An important conundrum associated with the membrane theories of cannabinoid activity is uncertainty over whether cannabinoids can achieve in vivo membrane concentrations comparable to the relatively high concentrations used in in vitro biophysical studies (Makriyannis, 1995). It may be possible that local high concentrations are attainable under certain physiological circumstances, and, if so, some of the cannabinoid activities may indeed be mediated through membrane perturbation. 

The multilayer immobilization does not require any activation of the supporting surface. Thus, it can be performed in the same way on any transducer. Crosslinked multilayers are stable for long time in biological media and prevent significantly the nonspecific adsorption from blood plasma9. 

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