Biological functional properties neuronal

Electrodes are the direct interface between the biological structures (auditory neurons) and the electronic system in the CFs. Stimulation electrodes inject charge into the tissue to functionally excite the nerves by electrical stimulation. In other words, electrodes measure the electric potential for charge transfer between solid metal state and electrolyte solution in liquid state inside the cochlea. For better stability implants electrode properties must be evaluated with respect to a biocompatible application for optimum stability, efficacy and life time with a minimum of toxicity. From the material point of view the requirements of an ideal electrode [8-10] might be summarized as follows ... 

The identification of DOR genes has permitted analysis of many different aspects of olfactory biology in the fruit fly. We now know the complete repertoire of genes that are likely to recognize odorants. Techniques exist to measure the response properties of a given OR and to examine the function of the neuron in vivo. The first- and second-order olfactory projections have been mapped anatomically. Although the fly is generally deemed to be too small for... 

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