Biological energy bioenergetics

Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy relationships and energy conversions in biological systems. Biological energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics. 

Lehninger, A. L. (1971). Bioenergetics. The Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformation (2nd edn.). Menlo Park Benjamin/Cummings. 

Lehninger, A.L. Bioenergetics The molecular basis of biological energy transformations. New York W.A. Benjamin 1965... 

A. L. Lehminger, Bioenergetics The Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations , W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1965. 

The mechanism by which man obtains and utilizes energy—bioenergetics—is clearly one of the most fundamental problems in molecular biology. Its intrinsic interest is sufficient to justify the use of scientific and technical resources to unravel this mechanism. But the so-called energy crisis that the world is facing may make it urgent that some problems of bioenergetics are solved more rapidly than would be predicted by the present tempo of research. 

Cramer, W. A., and Kn2iff, D. B., 1990. Energy Transduction in Biological Membranes—A Textbook of Bioenergetics. New York Springer-Verlag, 545 pp. A textbook on bioenergetics by two prominent workers in photosyn diesis. 

This chapter introduces the first law of thermodynamics and its applications in three main parts. The first part introduces the basic concepts of thermodynamics and the experimental basis of the first law. The second part introduces enthalpy as a measure of the energy transferred as heat during physical changes at constant pressure. The third part shows how the concept of enthalpy is applied to a variety of chemical changes, an important aspect of bioenergetics, the use of energy in biological systems. 

W. A. Cramer and D. B. Knaff, Energy Transduction in Biological Membranes. A Textbook of Bioenergetics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990, pp. 353—465. 

This chapter starts with a simplified analysis of biological processes using the basic tools of physics, chemistry, and thermodynamics. It provides a brief description of mitochondria and energy transduction in the mitochondrion. The study of proper pathways and multi-inflection points in bioenergetics are summarized. We also summarize the concept of thermodynamic buffering caused by soluble enzymes and some important processes of bioenergetics using the linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics formulation. 

This sequence has been termed the central dogma of bioenergetics by analogy to the universal sequence of biological information transfer, DNA RNA proteins. Hydrolysis of ATP back to ADP and Pi is the common energy source for virtually all energy-requiring processes in the cell, such as mechanical work, active transport, and biosynthesis of macromolecules. 

Cramer WA, Knaff DB. Bioenergetics energy transduction in biological membranes. 1991. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

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