Biological agents defined

Defining potential incidents involving radioactive materials and chemical and biological agents... 

Defining how humans are exposed to radioactive materials and chemi-cal/biological agents... 

The surface modification of wood is defined as the application of a chemical, physical or biological agent to the wood surface in order to effect a desired performance improvement. 

There has always been a need to detect the presence of threats. The classical threats from smuggled weapons and poisons remain, but new threats from explosives as well as from chemical and biological agents must also be considered. Threat must be defined rather broadly, to include both immediate threats, for example, a bomb on an airplane, and longer term threats, for example, smuggled drugs. To prevent explosions requires the detection of bombs, bomb makers, and bomb placers. 

This chapter will address the implications of the data presented in previous chapters for assessing the risks from environmental chemical exposures. WHO/IPCS has defined risk assessment as an empirically based paradigm that estimates the risk of adverse effects from exposure of an individual or population to a chemical, physical, or biological agent. As shown in Figure 21, it includes the components of hazard identification (Is there an adverse effect ), dose-response assessment (How severe is it ), exposure assessment (What is the level of exposure ), and risk characterization (What is the risk ) (NRC, 1983 IPCS, 2000). 

Now that we have given a name to the label of terrorism using chemical and biological agents, a brief word is necessary to further define these terms. 

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has attracted considerable attention as a sensitive technique for the detection of chemical, environmental and biological agents in extremely low concentrations [1], The fabrication of reproducible SERS-active substrates with well-defined nanoscale geometries is an important challenge of current research in order to SERS spectroscopy would become a powerful analytical tool of practical purposes. 

Terrorists can choose from countless biological agents and the list can seem overwhelming. However, to best protect our patients and their families, primary care clinicians should focus their attention on the agents that terrorists are most likely to use and that have the greatest potential for mass casualties. The CDC has defined three categories of agents, A, B, and C with potential as weapons, based on several criteria (1) (see Table 2.2) ... 

For patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the order of DMARD or biological agent choice is not clearly defined. In addition, some advocate trials of combination DMARD therapy before courses of biological agents are tried. 

Small molecule drugs, defined as drngs with typical molecular weights <500 daltons, have been the main drivers of sales growth for Big Pharma. The projections lean toward a change in this trend by the turn of this decade. The pharmacentical industry is expected to move rapidly toward biologic products, defined nsnally, bnt not exclnsively, as protein-based therapentic agents. Therapentic... 

CONTAINMENT The action of confining a biological agent or other entity within a defined space. 

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