Biochemical reactions energy required

Biochemical reactions frequently require energy. The most common source of chemical energy used is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The splitting of a phosphate from the ATP molecule can provide the energy needed to make an otherwise unfavorable reaction proceed in the desired direction. 

The ability to perform even the simplest of muscle movement requires complex coordination of the physical and chemical activities of the tissue. In recent years, nutritionists and exercise physiologists have described how the primary energy sources in food carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are transformed into the universal "currency" of biological energy, ATP. Oxidative metabolism processes the substrates through a cascade of enzymatic events to Insure maximal efficiency in energy conversion. At every level of this conversion, one or more metal ions serve as a cofactor to facilitate these biochemical reactions. The requirement of metals in the production of... 

A-6 An anabolic reaction - Biochemical reactions that require energy during the s5mthesis of chemical compounds are called anabolic reactions... 

In a very real sense, your body stores energy available from the metabolism of foods in the form of ATP. This molecule in turn supplies the energy required for all sorts of biochemical reactions taking place in the body. It does this by reverting to ADP, that is, by reversing reaction 17.6. The amount of ATP consumed is amazingly large a competitive sprinter may hydrolyze as much as 500 g (about 1 lb) of ATP per minute. 

PN should provide a balanced nutritional intake, including macronutrients, micronutrients, and fluid. Macronutrients, including amino acids, dextrose, and intravenous lipid emulsions, are important sources of structural and energy-yielding substrates. A balanced PN formulation includes 10% to 20% of total daily calories from amino acids, 50% to 60% of total daily calories from dextrose, and 20% to 30% of total daily calories from intravenous lipid emulsion. Micronutrients, including electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements, are required to support essential biochemical reactions. Parenteral... 

Many Biochemical Reactions Require Energy Biochemical Reactions Are Localized in the Cell Biochemical Reactions Are Organized into Pathways Biochemical Reactions Are Regulated Organisms Are Biochemically Dependent on One Another... 

Reactions in living organisms are no different from reactions in laboratory flasks. Both follow the same laws, and both have the same kinds of energy requirements. For any biochemical reaction to occur spontaneously, AG must be negative. For example, oxidation of 1 mol of glucose, the principal source of energy for animals, has AG° = —2870 kj. 

Biochemistry is important in many fields of science in addition to medicine. For instance, biochemists investigate food by studying molecules such as vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, various minerals, and water, all of which are dietary requirements for healthy nutrition. They also explain how these nutrients are absorbed by the body and what they do in the cells. For example, the question of how the body derives energy from dietary fats and oils involves a series of biochemical reactions explained by the biochemistry of the metabolic pathways. 

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