Biochemical inventiveness

In many cases the biochemical systems characteristic of such and such a cellular differentiation appear to be biochemical inventions the past history of which we are so far imable to reconstruct. Such systems are to be found among the many different biochemical modifications in Vertebrates, for example, the complex enzyme systems for the degradation of haemoglobin present in histiocytes, the conversion of cholesterol to bile in the cells of the hepatic parenchyma, etc. The fact that we do not know the systems preceding them in phylogeny does not invalidate the fact that these biochemical inventions have evolved. 

L. J. Henderson was a physician who wrote [H ] = /C0[acid]/[salt] in a physiology article in 1908, a year before the word buffer" and the concept of pH were invented by the biochemist S. R L Sorensen. Henderson s contribution was the approximation of setting [acid] equal to the concentration of HA placed in solution and [salt] equal to the concentration of A placed in solution. In 1916. K. A. Hasselbalch wrote what we call the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in a biochemical journal.8... 

In spite of all these changes in this book, the term Chemical Industry will often be used in its broadest possible context, covering the pharmaceutical business, even if not specifically stated in parts of the text The content will therefore be of relevance to all those professionals who are already working, or new recmits about to start, in the R D function of any company which uses both chemical and biochemical processes to invent and produce products or services for commercial gain. This will... 

Further studies have validated this hypothesis, in part,4 and ultimately this inventive premise was borne out in clinical practice. As a result, 5-FU (5) was eventually approved for treatment of solid tumors, such as breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers. Marketed as Adrucil when administered intravenously, 5-FU can be used either as monotherapy or combination therapy with various cytotoxic drugs and biochemical modulators, such as leucovorin and methotrexate.5 Because 5-fluorouracil is not orally bioavailable, it must be administered by continuous infusion to optimize its efficacy due to its short half-life in plasma. In addition, 5-FU has poor selectivity toward tumors in vivo, and its distribution into tissues such as bone marrow, the gastrointestinal tract, the liver and skin causes high incidences of toxicity. In addition, in spite of its limited lipid solubility, 5-fluorouracil diffuses readily across the blood-brain barrier into cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue.1,5... 

Crabtree GR, Schreiber SL. Three-part inventions intracel- 111. lular signaling and induced proximity. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1996 21 418-422. 

The spectrum of radionuclides available for application in the life sciences broadened appreciably with the invention of the cyclotron by Lawrence in 1930 and the possibility of producing radionuclides on a large scale in nuclear reactors in the late 1940s. By application of T and C, important biochemical processes, such as photosynthesis in plants, could be elucidated. 

From 1935 to 1939 he worked on snake venoms, tumor metabolism, the mechanism of lysozyme action, and the invention and development of methods for biochemical microanalysis. In 1939 he began a systematic study of antibacterial substances produced by microorganisms and the reinvestigation of penicillin. Later he worked on the isolation and elucidation of the chemical structure of penicillin and other natural antibiotics. 

There are examples in this book of fillers which have magnetic properties, but somebody in the act of inventiveness came to the conclusion that such material can be used for removing materials from their solutions and designed a composite which contains magnetizable particles attached to the various materials (e.g., selective adsobent of a particular material). By mixing this composite with a solution of material, material is adsorbed by adsorbent and removed from solution by a simple magnet. A new analytic technique was created which is very useful in pharmaceutical and biochemical research. 

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