Binding energy differences complexes

There have been some measurements of the X-ray photoelectron spectra of spin-equilibrium complexes. Considerable difficulties have been encountered from X-ray-induced sample decomposition. Binding energy differences of a few tenths of an electron volt have been observed (24, 103, 156). 

The theoretical prediction of free binding energy differences, and the understanding of the physical foundations of affinity and specificity of complex interaction, prior to experimental design are crucial in computational biochemistry.48,64 To apply... 

Electrochemical reactions are driven by the potential difference at the solid liquid interface, which is established by the electrochemical double layer composed, in a simple case, of water and two types of counter ions. Thus, provided the electrochemical interface is preserved upon emersion and transfer, one always has to deal with a complex coadsorption experiment. In contrast to the solid/vacuum interface, where for instance metal adsorption can be studied by evaporating a metal onto the surface, electrochemical metal deposition is always a coadsorption of metal ions, counter ions, and probably water dipols, which together cause the potential difference at the surface. This complex situation has to be taken into account when interpreting XPS data of emersed electrode surfaces in terms of chemical shifts or binding energies. 

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