Condensation binders

Kurt Binder, Condensed Matter Theory Group, Institut Fur Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany... 

Condensation Binders. Condensation binders are based primarily on resins that interact to form cross-linked pol5miers when subject to sufficient thermal energy. These binders are also called high-baked materials and are commonly used as tank and pipe linings. Condensation is essentially the release of water during the pol5mierization process. 

Alavi A 1996 Path integrals and ab initio molecular dynamics Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics of Condensed Matter Systems ed K Binder and G Ciccotti (Bologna SIF)... 

Binder K (ed) 1995 The Monte Carlo Method in Condensed Matter Physics vol 71 Topics in Applied Physics 2nd edn (Berlin Springer)... 

Heermann D W and Burkitt A N 1995 Parallel algorithms for statistical physics problems The Monte Carlo Method In Condensed Matter Physios vol 71 Toplos In Applied Physios ed K Binder (Berlin Springer) pp 53-74... 

Heermann D W 1996 Parallelization of computational physics problems/Monfe Carlo and Moleoular Dynamlos of Condensed Matter Systems vol 49, ed K Binder and G CIccottI (Bologna Italian Physical Society) pp 887-906... 

Furfural has been used as a component in many resin appHcations, most of them thermosetting. A comprehensive review of the patent Hterature describing these uses is beyond the scope of this review. A few, selected recent patents and journal articles have been referenced. Resins prepared from the condensation products of furfural with urea (47), formaldehyde (48), phenols (49,50), etc, modified by appropriate binders and fillers are described in the technical Hterature for earlier appHcations, see reference 1, which contains many references in an appendix. 

The Beckstead-Derr-Price model (Fig. 1) considers both the gas-phase and condensed-phase reactions. It assumes heat release from the condensed phase, an oxidizer flame, a primary diffusion flame between the fuel and oxidizer decomposition products, and a final diffusion flame between the fuel decomposition products and the products of the oxidizer flame. Examination of the physical phenomena reveals an irregular surface on top of the unheated bulk of the propellant that consists of the binder undergoing pyrolysis, decomposing oxidizer particles, and an agglomeration of metallic particles. The oxidizer and fuel decomposition products mix and react exothermically in the three-dimensional zone above the surface for a distance that depends on the propellant composition, its microstmcture, and the ambient pressure and gas velocity. If aluminum is present, additional heat is subsequently produced at a comparatively large distance from the surface. Only small aluminum particles ignite and bum close enough to the surface to influence the propellant bum rate. The temperature of the surface is ca 500 to 1000°C compared to ca 300°C for double-base propellants. 

In addition to the solvent soluble toners, alkah water-soluble toners have been produced. These types include WST produced by Day-Glo and Aquabest produced by Radiant Color. These toners are dissolved ia water which contains a portion of ammonia and, if necessary, some isopropyl alcohol. These toners can be used as binders or additional binders and other additives can be added to give the ink the desired properties. These toners are condensation-type polymers other than the formaldehyde types. 

For binder preparation, dilute hydrochloric or acetic acids are preferred, because these faciUtate formation of stable silanol condensation products. When more complete condensation or gelation is preferred, a wider range of catalysts, including moderately basic ones, is employed. These materials, which are often called hardeners or accelerators, include aqueous ammonia, ammonium carbonate, triethanolamine, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, dicyclohexylamine, alcohoHc ammonium acetate, and tributyltin oxide (11,12). 

Refractories and Molds. Citric acid is used as a binder for refractory cements, imparting volume stabiUty and strength in ceramic materials for electrical condensers, foundry and glassmaking molds, and sand molds for metal castings (219—223). 

A. P. Young. In K. Binder, G. Cicotti, eds. Monte Carlo and Moleeular Dynamies of Condensed Matter Systems. Bologne Italian Physical Society, 1996, pp. 285-307. 

K. Binder. Introduction. In K. Binder, ed. The Monte Carlo Method in Condensed Matter Physics. Vol. 71. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp. 1-22. 

For recent reviews on molecular dynamics simulations of amphiphilic systems, see D. J. Tobias, K. Tu, M. L. Klein. In K. Binder, G. Ciccotti, eds. Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics of Condensed Matter Systems. Bologna SIF, 1996, pp. 327-344. S. Bandyapadhyay, M. Tarek, M. L. Klein. Curr Opin Coll Interf Sci 3-.242-146, 1998. 

Precipitated iron also acts as a binder and forms deposits with other materials. The source of iron originates either from contaminated condensate or from MU water, where it is present in the form of ferrous bicarbonate [Fe(HC03)2]. 

Acid chlorides are very reactive and have as a condensation product hydrochloric acid.4,7 9 This hydrochloric acid can form an amine salt with unreacted amine groups, which should be avoided. To prevent this happening, acid binders, which are more reactive than the amines, are added. Polyamidation can be earned out using a solution and with an interfacial method. With the interfacial method one has the choice between a stirred and an unstirred process. In an unstirred process, the polymerization is at the interface and a rope can be drawn from the interface,... 

Binder K (ed) (1992) Monte Carlo methods in condensed matter physics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York... 

Binder K, Ciccotti G (eds) (1996) Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics of condensed matter. Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna... 

Allen, M.P., Simulation and phase diagrams. In Proceedings of the Euroconference on Computer simulation in Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry, Binder, K., Ciccotti, G., Eds. European Union, 1996, pp. 255-284... 

Dellago, C. Bolhuis, P. G. Geissler, P. L. Transition path sampling methods. In Computer Simulations in Condensed Matter From Materials to Chemical Biology Lecture Notes in Physics (2006), Ciccotti, G. Binder, K., Eds., vol. 703, Springer Berlin,... 

MacDowell, L. G. Virnau, P. Muller, M. Binder, K., The evaporation/condensation transition of liquid droplets, J. Chem. Phys. 2004,120, 5293-5308... 

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