Bidirectional properties

Papamichael, K. Klems, J. and Selkowitz, S. (1988). Determination and Application of Bidirectional Solar-Optical Properties of Fenestration Systems. Proceedings of the 13th National Passive Solar Conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Anisotropic material In an anisotropic material the properties vary, depending on the direction in which they are measured. There are various degrees of anisotropy, using different terms such as orthotropic or unidirectional, bidirectional, heterogeneous, and so on (Fig. 3-19). For example, cast plastics or metals tend to be reasonably isotropic. However, plastics that are extruded, injection molded, and rolled plastics and metals tend to develop an orientation in the processing flow direction (machined direction). Thus, they have different properties in the machine and transverse directions, particularly in the case of extruded or rolled materials (plastics, steels, etc.). 

Fig. 8-56 Properties of style 181 glass fabric (bidirectional type) parallel lay-up with 60wt% glass content.

There is some need for adapters between, for example, the content of the Text Viewer and the contact history of the Contact Record. The design calls for continuously updated properties, such as the scrollbar s connector to the Text Viewer, as well as events such as the Button s hits. Some of the connectors are bidirectional The checkbox both sets the priority and immediately shows a change in the property. 

Chabot C., Gagne J., Giguere C., Bernard J., Baudry M., and Massicotte G. (1998). Bidirectional modulation of AMPA receptor properties by exogenous phospholipase A2 in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 8 299-309. 

To improve mechanical and some other specific properties, one might find interesting the synthesis of comb-shaped polymers with a uni- and bidirectional molecular structure ... 

The die has substantial influences on the plastic due to the melt flow orientation of the molecules, such as having different properties parallel (machine direction) and perpendicular to the flow direction. These differences have a significant effect on the performance of the product. The die designs with melt condition (pressure, temperature, rate of travel, etc.) and its downstream equipment can provide the required unidirectional, bidirectional, or desired properties. The pressure usually ranges as follows ... 

The reflectivity differs somewhat from the other properties in that it is bidirectional in nature. That is, the value of the reflectivity of a surface depends not only on the direction of the incident radiation but also the direction of reflection. Therefore, the reflected rays of a radiation beam incident on a real surface in a specified direction forms an irregular shape, as shown in Fig. 12-32. Such detailed reflectivity data do not exist for most surfaces, and even if they did, they would be of little value in radiation calculations since this would usually add more complication to the analysis. 

Some of the advantages of cell monolayer models include the ability to use human instead of animal cell types as well as the ability to perform cellular uptake and bidirectional cell transport studies for evaluation of absorptive and secretory processes. The potential for automation to achieve higher throughput in the early drug discovery setting is an added attraction. Regardless of the cell type used, the utility of these models in transport studies is based on the correlation between permeability properties determined in these models and those obtained in vivo, such as fraction of dose absorbed (Fig. 3). To date, numerous laboratories have established a correlation between apparent permeability coefficients (P pf) from Caco-2 or MDCK cells and in vivo fraction absorbed of drugs in solution [58—62]. Construction of correlation plots for known compounds or reference markers then provides an opportunity for interpolation of fraction absorbed for NMEs for which in vivo fraction absorbed is unknown. 

Sometimes it is important to consider the direction of reflected irradiation exitent from a surface. A property called the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is used to specify the directional distribution of the reflected intensity for a specified direction of incident radiation [2-4]. A specular surface is a mirrorlike surface for which the incidence angle is equal to the reflection angle. For a diffusely reflecting surface, the reflected intensity is the same in all directions, and if perfectly reflective, the BRDF is l/n sr. ... 

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