Benzidine, structure carcinogenicity

Sellakumar et al. 1969 Stula et al. 1975, 1978). There is no conclusive evidence of carcinogenicity of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in hiunans (Gadian 1975 Gerarde and Gerarde 1974 MacIntyre 1975 Myslak et al. 1991 Ouellet-Hellstrom and Rench 1996) however, there is concern about occupationally exposed subjects because of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine s structural similarity with the known human and animal carcinogen benzidine. However, imless a cohort exposed only to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine is identified and adequate epidemiological studies on such a cohort are conducted, the question will remain unsolved. 

Because of demonstrated potent carcinogenicity in multiple animal species, evidence of genotoxicity, and structural relationship to the known bladder carcinogen benzidine, DCB should be regarded as a probable human carcinogen and exposure by any route should be avoided. ... 

The information on toxicity and carcinogenicity of o-tolidine is very little. o-Tolidine often contains other biphenylamine contaminants. Its structure and chemical properties are similar to those of benzidine. The toxic properties are therefore expected to be similar to those of benzidine. 

MBOCA is suspected of being a human carcinogen because its chemical structure is similar to a known human bladder carcinogen, benzidine, and to that of a potent animal carcinogen,... 

Methylenedianiline and 4,4 -methylene-bis-chloroaniline are two widely used aromatic amines employed in the manufacture of polyurethane foams, epoxy resins and as a curing agent in rubber manufacture. These two chemicals have been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic in a number of animal species, and they are structurally similar to the known human bladder carcinogen benzidine (McQueen et al. 1981 Lamb et al. 1986). Both chemicals have been detected in the urine of factory workers (Cocker et al. 1988), and Hotchkiss et al. (1993) reported substantial absorption through human skin in vitro. 

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