Benign defining term

Cancer is a type of neoplasm or tumor. While technically a tumor is defined as only a tissue swelling, it is now used as a synonym for a neoplasm. A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with the normal tissue, and persists after cessation of the stimuli which evoked it. There are two basic types of neoplasms, termed benign and malignant. The general characteristics of these tumors are defined in Table 24.1. Cancer is the common name for a malignant neoplasm. Neoplasms are composed of two main components ... 

This metric is an attempt to define yield in terms of the mass of the product that is made from non-toxic materials. This was one of the first times that reagent and reactant toxicity were included as an important part of determining what is considered to be green, and it is something that was absent from traditional yield measures. Hudlicky et al. did make an attempt to define benign (i.e. those byproducts, reagents, or solvents that have no known environmental risk associated with them, for example, water, low-concentration saline, dilute ethanol, autoclaved cell mass, etc. ), but the explanation suffers from a lack of definitional clarity. 

The reliability R of a power supply at any given moment of time is defined as R(t) = e- 1. So at time t = 0 (start of operational life), the reliability is considered to be at its maximum value of 1. Thereafter it decreases exponentially as time elapses. X is the failure rate of a power supply, that is, the number of supplies failing over a specified period of time. Another commonly used term is MTBF, or mean time between failures. This is the reciprocal of the overall failure rate, that is, X = 1/MTBF. A typical commercial power supply will have an MTBF of between 100,000 hours to 500,000 hours — assuming it is being operated at a fairly typical and benign ambient temperature of around 25° C. 

Within the context of cleaner production, terms such as environmentally benign chemical synthesis and clean(er) synthesis have often proven popular to help define the scope of national or trans-national programmes on waste minimisation. There is no widely accepted definition of clean synthesis but there is reasonable international agreement that the cleaner synthesis of chemicals, i.e. that involving a reduction in the toxicity and quantity of emissions and waste through changes to the process, is likely to be achieved through 4... 

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