Titration batch

Solution calorimetry covers the measurement of the energy changes that occur when a compound or a mixture (solid, liquid or gas) is mixed, dissolved or adsorbed in a solvent or a solution. In addition it includes the measurement of the heat capacity of the resultant solution. Solution calorimeters are usually subdivided by the method in which the components are mixed, namely, batch, titration and flow. 

Automated titrations can be divided into discontinuous and continuous, the former representing a discrete sample analysis, as a batch titration is the usual laboratory technique and the latter a flow technique, which is used less frequently in the laboratory, e.g., in kinetic studies, but is of greater importance in plant and environment control. 

Consider the continuous addition of a single metal species to a ligand mixture represented by ELi where the total volume of the solution is maintained constant i.e. a metal-into-ligand batch titration. The following scheme with mononuclear complexes, including mixed ligand species, illustrates the reactions which can... 

Stability Profiles. A fundamental understanding of equations 2 and 6 provides a theoretical basis for a more comprehensive appreciation of metal-multiligand equilibrium. The following discussion is best presented in terms of a metal-into-ligand batch titration (defined under Stability Function Concept). As the fraction of a particular ligand which is complexed becomes small,... 

Figure 1. Stability profiles for metalAnto-ligand batch titrations (a) 1 1 profile for system described in Table I, with Clt = 1.0 X 10 M and pH = 10.0 (b) system described in Table III, u)ith Clt = 1.0 X lO M and pH = 7.0...

The more precise analysis shows the shortcut analysis to have been pessimistic—as expected—although the results tally within an order of magnitude. If the effective time constant had been based on the initial part of the batch titration responses (r less than 10 seconds), the shortcut analysis would have been optimistic compared to the full analysis. 

Bond disruption enthalpies have been determined for the complexes (C9H6SiMe3)3ThH, (G9H6SiMe3)3ThD, and (CsH4SiMe3)3ThH. The thermodynamic data were obtained by iodolysis batch-titration calorimetry.141... 

R.S. Honorato, M.C.U. Araujo, R.A.C. Lima, E.A.G. Zagatto, R.A.S. Lapa, J.L.F.C. Lima, A flow-batch titrator exploiting a one-dimensional optimisation algorithm for end point search, Anal. Chim. Acta 396 (1999) 91. 

E.V. Aquino, J.J.R. Roohwedder, C. Pasquini, A new approach to flow-batch titration. A monosegmented flow titrator with coulometric reagent generation and potentio-metric or biamperometric detection, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386 (2006) 1921. 

Micro-batch titration. Similar to flow-batch systems but the flow manifold does not include the sample carrier stream [327],... 

It might appear that peak width merely serves as range extension. Yet, since peak width is related to a time span, which in turn is related through linear flow velocity to volumetric rate, peak width measurements allow flow titrations to be performed in a novel way. Therefore, similarly to classical batch titrations, FIA titrations encompass a domain of determinations, which cannot be performed in any other way, because they are based on consumption of an equivalent amount of reagent and, therefore, titrations yield different information than a direct measurement (pH measurement versus titration of a mixture of a weak and strong acid). 

The similarity of FIA and classical batch titrations is useful to recognize, because such recognition turns our attention to the wealth of chemistries exploited by classical titrations that are now accessible to FIA adaptation. Indeed, all traditional titrations, that is, acid-base, com-pleximetric, redox, and precipitation, can be performed in the FIA mode. Catalytic titrations and titrations in nonaqueous solutions, including Karl... 

Instead of the continuous titrations, the relative surface charge can also be determined in batch experiments. This involves the preparation of a number of independent batches and measuring the pH in these or in the supernatants after a certain equilibration time. Compared to the continuous titrations, which are typically computer controlled there are most probably more sources of experimental errors in the batch titrations (simply because more handling is... 

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