Batch Operation or Flow-through Cells

Constant process conditions - as well of concentrations as of other parameters - are realized using a flow-through cell in steady state operation. Into the cell continuously reactants are added and products are removed to maintain constant concentration and conversion. Additional expenses, especially pumps, are needed, however. This continuous operation will be applied, for example, if optimal results only are achievable using well-defined process conditions. Another example is the application of cell components - such as ion-exchange membranes - that need constant concentrations and a long time after 

Batch operation in a larger scale - in laboratory or even industrial applications - frequently is reahzed using a flowthrough cell with optimized flow characteristics, which is coupled by circulating pumps with reservoirs that contain the reaction solutions. 

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