Balkan nephropathy environment

As for inanimate environment, there is no chemical element that has been consistently detected in higher concentrations in biological material of Balkan nephropathy patients and/or their environment, as compared to the controls. However, though unlikely, insufficiency of an essential element has not been completely ruled out. Speculations on a combination of vaguely defined environmental factors have never been substantiated by facts. 

Radovanovic Z, Edmunds WM. Groundwater chemistry and the incidence of Balkan endemic nephropathy. Environ Geochem Health 1991 13(2) 43-9. 

R. B. Georgieva, P. K. Petrov, P. S. Dimitrov and D. L. Tsalev, Observations on toxicologically relevant arsenic in urine in adult offspring of families with Balkan endemic nephropathy and controls by batch hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 87(9), 2007, 673-685. 

Orem W. H., Tatu C. A., Feder G. L., Finkelman R. B., Lerch H. E., Maharaj S., Szilagyi D., Dumitrascu V., Paunescu V., and Margineanu F. (2002) Environment, geochemistry and the eitiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy lessons from Romania. Facta Universitatis, Med. Biol. 9(1), 39—48. 

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