Bacteriophages of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Survey the reservoir and distribution of phages in the dairy environment, milk, and starters. 

Control phage proliferation includes, among others, direct inoculation of milk with concentrated starter cultures use of antiphage starter medium use of separate rooms for starter production and cheese manufacture regular cleaning and disinfections (chlorinate) of vats, equipments, rooms (laboratory and factory), clothes, and air (positive filttation) rotation of starter strains. 

Strain selection and starter rotation system use mixture of well-characterized strains, starter rotation system with non-overlapping phage-insensitive patterns. 

Design of phage-resistant starter strains conjugation of natural phage resistance systems (i.e., restriction/ modification systems). 

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Bacteriophages of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Biotechnological Tools... 

Gameau, J.E. and Moineau, S. (2011) Bacteriophages of lactic acid bacteria and their impact on milk fermentations. Microb Cell Fact 10(Sa l 1), S20. 

Klaenhammer TR, Fitzgerald GF (1994) Bacteriophages and bacteriophage resistance. In Gasson MJ, DeVos WM (eds) Genetics and biotechnology of lactic acid bacteria. Blackie Academic/Professional Publishers, London/New York, pp 106-168... 

Klaenhammer TR (1991) Development of bacteriophage-resistant strains oflactic acid bacteria. Biochem Soc Trans 19 675—681 Klaenhammer TR (1993) Genetics of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 12 39-86... 

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