Protoplasts bacterial

Fig. 10 Representative solid-state 19F-NMR spectra of 19F-labelled gramicidin S (substituted at both Leu positions with 4F-Phg), embedded in macroscopically oriented bacterial protoplasts at a peptide-to-lipid ratio of about 1 40. These membrane samples are intrinsically less well oriented than the ghosts in Fig. 8, and a TFA contamination is marked with an asterisk...

Ieronimo M, Afonin S, Koch K, Berditsch M, Wadhwani P, Ulrich AS (2010) 19F NMR analysis of the antimicrobial peptide PGLa bound to native cell membranes from bacterial protoplasts and human erythrocytes. J Am Chem Soc 132 8822-8824... 

Martin HH (1963) Bacterial protoplasts - a review. J Theor Biol 5 1-34... 

Lysed bacterial protoplasts are capable of incorporating alditols from their CDP derivatives into teichoic acid-like polymers. 

A brief report on the mode of action of pyrrolnitrin indicated that the primary action was on the cell membrane, resulting in cellular permeability impairment and leakag f amino acids and UV-absorbing materials into the medium.° A bursting of bacterial protoplasts was also observed which could be reversed with equal concentration of phosphati-dylethanolamine. 

Guthrie, G. D., Sinsheimer, R. L. Observations on the infection of bacterial protoplasts with the deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteriophage 0X174, Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 72, 290-297 (1963). 

Transfection, DNA uptake in eukaryotic systems, often is more problematic then bacterial transformation the mode of DNA uptake is poorly understood and efficiency is much lower. In yeast, cell walls can be digested with degradative enzymes to yield fragile protoplasts, which are then able to take up DNA. Cell walls are resynthesized after removal of the degrading enzymes. Mammalian cells take up DNA after precipitation onto their surface with calcium phosphate [Fugene 6 (Roche) Lipofectin (Life Technologies) Effectene (Qiagen)]. Electroporation is often more efficient for transfection in eukaryotic cell systems, especially in yeasts. 

A typical bacterial spore has several components (Chapter 3, see Fig. 3.7). The germ cell (protoplast or core) and germ cell wall are surrounded by the cortex, external to which are the inner and outer spore coats. An exosporium is present in some... 

Pioneering experiments were carried out in the field of protoplast fusion (using bacterial and fungal protoplasts) leading to internationally recognized outstanding results. Significant advances were also made in the field of plant protoplast fusion and practical application has been initiated. 

How does penicillin inhibit bacterial growth In 1957, Joshua Lederberg showed that bacteria ordinarily susceptible to penicillin could be grown in its presence if a hypertonic medium were used. The organisms obtained in this way, called protoplasts, are devoid of a cell wall and consequently lyse when transferred to a normal medium. Hence, penicillin was inferred to interfere with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. The cell-wall macromolecule, caWeda peptidoglycan, consists of linear polysaccharide chains that... 

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