Marginal average

We believe that this information can be used to directionally forecast the long term average margins and severity of troughs and peaks in the future, and thus enable incumbents, potential investors, and new entrants to better assess their long term prospects. 

What determines how high a fly-up can be expected or whether there will be a fly-up at all in the future Applying the invisible hand concept further, we believe that the average margins across a cycle will approximate to the level needed to satisfy the return requirements of the lowest cost capacity needed to meet demand growth - otherwise investors will not build and eventually margins will rise, which will eventually attract investment to meet the demand growth. 

The level of average margins will be determined by the types of capacity needed to meet future demand growth. 

Finally, it may not be wise to close some higher-cost lines. They may well be devoted to high value-added products and thus operate at above average margins. 

The cost-containment challenges are here to stay. Average margins will decline and most companies will have to find ways to compensate. 

As a remark, the above model can be adjusted to reflect different simations (i) where only the most fouled exchangers are selected to clean (ii) where time variant margin is estimated instead of average margin and (iii) other significant costs are introduced. 

What distribution of benefits is of interest Average Marginal Describes what shares of benefits accrue to each quantile for an existing program Describes or estimates how the benefits corresponding to an increase or decrease in the program are or will be distributed... 

Cast material is stated to have a number average molecular weight of about 10. Whilst the Tg is about 104°C the molecular entanglements are so extensive that the material is incapable of flow below its decomposition temperature (approx. 170°C). There is thus a reasonably wide rubbery range and it is in this phase that such material is normally shaped. For injection moulding and extrusion much lower molecular weight materials are employed. Such polymers have a reasonable melt viscosity but marginally lower heat distortion temperatures and mechanical properties. 

In the multistep swelling and polymerization method, polymerization time, temperature, and initiator concentration have marginal effects only. The ratio of monovinyl to divinyl monomer in the polymerization mixture, along with the composition of the porogenic systems, is known to be the most important factor in controlling the ultimate macroporous structure. The average molecular... 

These models, however, can be useful if estimates are to be made of operating costs. By assigning fixed and variable costs to each activity, average and marginal unit costs at each stage of the process can be easily calculated, which will assist in decisions regarding pricing policies or whether to buy in components and materials or make them on site. ATPLAN is an example of a network-based model of this type. 

The area, volume and average depth of the ocean basins and some marginal seas are given in Table 10-1. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and contains more than one-half of the Earth s water. It also receives the least river water per area of the major oceans (Table 10-2). Paradoxically it is also the least salty (Table 10-3). The land area of the entire Earth is strongly skewed toward the northern hemisphere. 

Figure 1.147. Jackson s curve and arc stress reorientations. Apparent swing motion of Pacific Plate (Jackson et al., 1975) and regional stress orientation at the Northeast Honshu convergent margin are illustrated in order to show their synchronous relationship. Dashed line represents the average trend of the Hawaiian volcanic chain. Pacific plate moves along the direction with fluctuation in reference to Hawaii Hot Spot. Vertically shaded parts of the graph indicate the climax phases of clockwise episodes . Lower part of the figure shows the phases and reversals in orientation of tectonic stress fields on the inner zone of Northeast Honshu Arc (Takeuchi, 1987).

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