Austria Subject

Lyocell A papermaking process, based on dissolving wood pulp in N-methyl morpholine. Developed by Courtaulds, but the subject of a patent dispute with Lenzing, Austria, since 1993. Courtaulds has a plant in Mobile, AL, and Lenzing has one in Heiligenkreuz, Austria. 

Electrodecantation is a stratification phenomenon that may take place when colloidal dispersions are subjected to an electric field between vertical membranes permeable to ions but not to colloids. This phenomenon was first observed in 1923 by W. Pauli of Austria (Ref 21)... 

This subject has been treated extensively during the last 25 years at the Johannes Kepler University in Linz (Austria). More recent reviews on this subject were published by Eder et al. (1997), Janeschitz-Kriegl Eder et al. (2005) and Janeschitz-Krlegl (2007). A monograph of the latter author is in preparation (2008). 

By the middle of the nineteenth century, the French silkworm industry was virtually in ruins. Silkworm disease spread to Italy, Spain, and Austria, and eventually to China and Japan. In 1865, Jean Baptiste Andr Dumas (1800—1884)—one of the world s preeminent chemists—requested and received authorization from the Minister of Agriculture to appoint a mission to studypibrine Dumas, who had been Pasteur s teacher and scientific mentor, asked his pupil to investigate the problem. Until that day, Pasteur had never seen a silkworm or a mulberry tree, the leaves of which served as food for the worms. As legend has it, Pasteur—who knew nothing about the subject and evidently wanted to demur—inquired Is there then a disease of silkworms To which, Dumas replied So much the better For ideas you will have only those which shall come to you as a result of your own observations ... 

In Europe, the issue of infringement is still largely determined by national patent law. Article 31 of the Community Patent Convention creates an exemption for acts done for experimental purposes relating to the subject matter of the patented invention [107]. All members of the EU except Austria have introduced a similar provision into their national patent laws [102]. However, the interpretation of the scope of the exemption still varies between countries. For example, in Germany, the scope of the experimental use exemption is broad and applies to activities that test the viability and potential for development of patented inventions. In the United Kingdom, however, the exemption is narrower. It does not apply for experimentation in the context of regulatory approval in contrast to Canada, the United States and other countries of the EU [102]. 

The discovery of gun-cotton is generally attributed to Schonbein (1846), but Braconnot (in 1832) had previously nitrated starch, and six years later Pelouse prepared nitro-cotton and various other nitro bodies, and Dumas nitrated paper, but Schonbein was apparently the first chemist to use a mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric acids. Many chemists, such as Piobert in France, Morin in Russia, and Abel in England, studied the subject but it was in Austria, under the auspices of Baron Von Lenk, that the greatest progress was made. Lenk used cotton in the form of yam, made up into hanks, which he first washed in a solution of potash, and then with water, and after drying dipped them in the acids. The acid mixture used consisted of 3 parts by weight of sulphuric to 1 part of nitric acid, and were prepared some time before use. The cotton was dipped... 

In 1924, Hans Berger of the University of Jena in Austria, carried out the first human EEG recordings using metal strips pasted to the scalps of his subjects as electrodes and a sensitive galvanometer as the... 

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