Attention-deficit diagnosis

Explain the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision criteria necessary for the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 

Wolraich ML, Wibbelsman CJ, Brown TE, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents A review of the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical implications. Pediatrics 2005 115(6) 1734-1746. 

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A learning and behavioural disorder characterised by reduced attention span and hyperactivity. ADHD is a diagnosis applied to young children and is typically treated with the amphetamine derivative methylphenidate (Ritalin). 

American academy of pediatrics (2000), Clinical practice guideline diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder , Pediatrics, 105(5), 1158-70. 

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Only recently has ADHD been added to the differential diagnosis of BPAD. ADHD was long considered a childhood illness that resolved before adulthood. Moreover, the onset of BPAD was long believed to occur exclusively during adulthood. Both of these statements are now known to be untrue. Many of the symptoms of ADHD persist into adulthood. Meanwhile, an increasing number of child psychiatrists and epidemiologists have noted that the onset of BPAD not infrequently occurs in children before they reach puberty. 

A child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and conduct disorder is treated with 45 mg/d of methylphenidate and 2 mg/d of risperidone. A new diagnosis of complex partial seizures is made and the child is started on carbamazepine. About 10 days after the initiation of carbamazepine, the child develops withdrawal dyskinesias of mouth and tongue. After discontinuation of carbamazepine, the movements last for 1 week. 

DuPaul, G.J., and Barkley, R.A. (1998) Medication therapy. In Barkley, R.A., ed. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd ed. New York Guilford Press, pp. 573—612. 

Goldman, L., Genel, M., Bazman, R., and Stanetz, P. (1998) Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 279 1100-1107. 

National Institutes of Health (2000). The National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39 182—193. 

Swanson, J., Lerner, M., and Williams, L. (1995) More frequent diagnosis of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. New Engl Med 333 944-944. 

Rappley, M.D., Mullan, P.B., Alvarez, F.J., Eneli, I.U., Wang, J., and Gardiner, J.C. (1999) Diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and use of psychotropic medication in vety young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153 1039-1045. 

Barkley, R.A. (1998) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York Guilford Press. 

Spencer, X, Biederman, J., Wilens, T.E. and Earaone, S.V. (1998d) Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder a controversial diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry 59 59—68. 

These criteria result in a much lower prevalence of hyperkinetic disorder, with estimates in the range of 1-5%, as compared to 5-10% in school-aged children for ADHD. In the ICD-10 there is a lower possibility of diagnosing children with attention deficit without hyperactivity. In the ICD-10 another diagnosis of other specified behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence must be used. However, the combined condition of hyperkinetic disorder and conduct disorder is delineated under the diagnosis hyperkinetic conduct disorder. ... 

Pompideau Group (2000) Attention Deficit/ Hyperkinetic Disorders Their Diagnosis and Treatment with Stimulants. Strasbourg Council of Europe. 

Sindelar, B. (2000) Diagnosis and treatment prectices in the field of ADD/ADHD/HD in Europe In Pompideau Group, eds. Attention Deficit/Hyperkinetic Disorders Their Diagnosis and Treatment with Stimulants. Strasbourg Council of Europe, pp. 55-101. 

Barkley RA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York Guilford Press, 1990. 

Perhaps even more important in children is the issue of bipolar disorder. Mania and mixed mania have not only been greatly underdiagnosed in children in the past but also have been frequently misdiagnosed as attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. Furthermore, bipolar disorder misdiagnosed as attention deficit disorder and treated with stimulants can produce the same chaos and rapid cycling state as antidepressants can in bipolar disorder. Thus, it is important to consider the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, especially those unresponsive or apparently worsened by stimulants and those who have a family member with bipolar disorder. These children may need their stimulants and antidepressants discontinued and treatment with mood stabilizers such as valproic acid or lithium initiated. 

Do you have ADHD U.S. medical doctors use a publication published by the American Psychiatric Association to guide them in their diagnosis of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). That publication is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). To be diagnosed as ADHD, a person would have to have either six or more symptoms of inattention or six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent to the person s developmental level. ... 

Swanson J. M., M. Lerner, and W. Lillie. More Frequent Diagnosis of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. New England Journal of Medicine 333 (1996) 994. 

NIH Consensus Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Available online at http //consensus.nih.gov. 

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