Attachment of Nanoparticles onto Electrodes

4 1 Nanostructured Electrodes with Unique Properties for Biological and Other Applications 

The main idea demonstrated by Willner and coworkers [20] is the ability to construct multilayered nanoparticle electrodes, which are porous. In a related study Patolsky et al. extended this idea further using biocatalysts to detect H202 [ 18]. In this example, the construction of the electrode is similar to the one described above but the redox-active bridging molecule was replaced with microperoxidase-11 (MP-11). 

Electrodeposition is an alternative way to produce nanostructures on an electrode surface from solution onto a surface. Using electrodeposition to construct nanostructures allows for greater control over the amount of material deposited on the surface due to the ability to precisely control the charge that is passed into the system. Some control over the morphology is also afforded. For example, Liu et al. 

Other materials have also been used to produce modified nanoparticle films to detect organic vapors. Murray and coworkers [26] showed that the modification of nanoparticles with a carboxylate ligand, which can complex with a metal ion, Cu2 +, 

11-mercaptoundecanoic add performed the best with a fast response rate (8 s) and the highest absorption of ethanol onto the structure (68 nmol). 

The use of nanoparticles to form bridges between two electrodes was also utilized to detect DNA hybridization, including single base-pair mismatches, by Mirkin and 

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