Atoms in strong magnetic fields

Holle, A., Wiebusch, G., Main, J., Welge, K.H., Zeller, G., Wunner, G., Ertl, T., and Ruder, H. (1987). Hydrogenic Rydberg atoms in strong magnetic fields Theoretical... 

Ruder, H. Wunner, G. Herold, H. Geyer, F. Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields Springer-Verlag, 1994. 

H. Ruder, G. Wunner, H. Herold, and F. Geyer Atoms in strong magnetic fields, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994). 

A. Holle, G. Wiebusch, J. Main, K.H. Welge, G. Zeller, G. Wunner, T. Ertl, H. Ruder, Hydrogenic Rydberg atoms in strong magnetic fields. Z. Phys. D 5, 271 (1987)... 

LeGuillou, J. and Zinn-Justin, J., (1983) The Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields Summation of the Weak Field Series Expansion , Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 147, 57. 

When atoms are placed in a magnetic field, the energy levels of the electrons split into more than one component These splittings are small (no more than 10 3 eV, even in strong magnetic fields), but can be seen in the line spectra of atoms this is called the Zeeman effect. There are other manifestations. For example, in an inhomogeneous (i.e. non-uniform) field, a beam of atoms can be deflected, and splits into several components this is the Stem-Gerlach experiment, and is illustrated in Fig. 5.5. 

Let us discuss the problem of atoms in a strong magnetic field in more detail. We start this consideration with the hydrogen atom which was the first atom whose behaviour in strong magnetic fields was investigated (for a fist of references see [1-4]). In cylindrical coordinates (p, z) its non-relativistic Hamiltonian has the form (we use atomic units throughout our work)... 

In this communication we have presented a 2D fully numerical mesh solution method in its various applications to atoms and simple diatomic molecules in strong external electric and magnetic fields. Specifically these are calculations of atoms with Z < 10 and their positive ions in strong magnetic fields and the comprehensive investigation of the electronic structure of the ground states of the Li and C atoms... 

In strong magnetic fields the magnetic energy of an atom will be higher than the splitting of the lines. Then the L-S interaction will become negligible and the anomalous Zeeman effect resembles the Zeeman triplet (the Paschen-Back effect). 

An atom in a strong magnetic field is another example of a system which exhibits competing symmetries (spherical symmetry due to the Coulomb potential and cylindrical symmetry due to the magnetic field). The Hamiltonian for the hydrogen atom in a magnetic field in the z direction " (one atomic unit of magnetic field is 2.35 X lO T) is... 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) requires an atomic nuclei that can absorb a radio-frequency signal impinging it in a strong magnetic field to give a spectmm. The field strength at which the nucleus absorbs is a function of both the nucleus and its immediate electronic environment. The atoms normally used for nmr analysis are as follows (34) H, F, P, Si, and Of these, the most commonly used in polymer analyses are... 

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