Astrocytes types

Non-neuronal cells (including astrocytes, mechan-osensory hair cells, macrophages, keratinocytes, endothelial cells of the vascular system, muscle cells, lymphocytes, intestinal epithelial cells and various cell-types of the lungs)... 

Andjelkovic AV, Kerkovich D, Pachter JS (2000) Monocyte astrocyte interactions regulate MCP-1 expression in both ceU types. J Leukoc Biol 68(4) 545-552... 

Asensio VC, Maier J, Milner R, Boztug K, Kincaid C, Moulard M, Phiflipson C, Lindsley K, Krucker T, Fox HS, Campbell IE (2001) Interferon-independent, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl20-mediated induction of CXCLlO/IP-10 gene expression by astrocytes in vivo and in vitro. J Virol 75 7067-7077... 

Gorry PR, Howard JL, Churchill MJ, Anderson JL, Cunningham A, Adrian D, McPhee DA, Purcell DE (1999) Diminished production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in astrocytes results from ineffident translation of gag, env, and nef mRNAs despite efficient expression of Tat and Rev. J Virol 73 352-361... 

Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Ceradini D, Martin SR, Horuk R, MacDonald ME, Stuhlmann H, Koup RA, Landau NR (1996) Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86 367-377 Liu Y, Liu H, Kim BO, Gattone VH, Li J, Nath A, Blum J, He JJ (2004) CD4-independent infection of astrocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 requirement for the human mannose receptor. J Virol 78 4120 133... 

This finding suggests that the fast calcium events we have recently identified are not a peculiarity of astrocytes in cell culture but may correspond to events taking place in astrocytes of the living brain. Establishing whether fast calcium events in vivo are associated to transmitter release via SLMV exocytosis, becomes, therefore, of the outmost importance in order to define the type of modulatory influence exerted by astrocytes on neighboring neuronal circuits. 

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the CNS and provide essential structural, metabolic, and trophic support for nemons (Parpma et al. 1994 Araque et al. 1999 Fields and Stevens-Graham 2002 Perea and Araque 2005). Astrocytes me... 

Unlike the effects of MOP activation, KOP stimulation typically has limited or opposing effects on astrocyte function. Eor example, KOP activation markedly reduces Tat-induced MCP-1 expression in human astrocytes (Sheng et al. 2003) or fails to affect CCL2 release by murine astrocytes (El-Hage et al. 2005). Morphine and Tat differently affect patterns of MOP and KOP expression in astrocytes, suggesting fundamental differences in the regulation of each receptor type (Turchan-Cholewo et al. 2008). The differences likely reflect the unique actions of MOP and KOP in astrocytes (Bohn et al. 2000 Belcheva et al. 2005), and are likely to be important for HlV-1 neuropathogenesis. 

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