ASTM Standards Cited in Chapter

C 518 Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus 

D1622 Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular Plastics 

D 2196 Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type) Viscometer 

D 2369 Standard Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings 

D 3359-07,B Standard Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test 

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It is clear to those who regularly perform knee wear testing, and especially those who try hard to do testing well, that the devil is in the detail . With the exception of some specialist workshops (e.g., by ASTM) even scientific conferences appear lately to be more focused on results they leave little room for detailed discussion, especially on methodological detail where most of the variability in results emanate, in the author s view. Nevertheless, this chapter is still not a detailed how-to manual. International standards (where available) are cited instead. Published international standards typically describe such methods in sufficient detail. Nor is this text a review of the results of TKR tests from the literature, as useful as that may be. The results are too many and varied only some are cited here to illustrate specific points. The main emphasis here is on matters of rationale and know-how to avoid pitfalls in the choice of test methods, in their implementation, and in the interpretation of results. This emphasis should help engineers in the orthopedic industry and in the research community who hunger for the type of detail they cannot usually find in published research papers, usually for lack of space in such result-oriented research articles. 

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