Artificial evolution

The trend shown toward increasing routing blocks demonstrates that the application of artificial evolution (i.e., a GA) to the problem of finding rules that can grow effective (though not optimal) digital circuits is a real technological possibility. 

Bennici, A. 2005. A new paradigma on the plant evolution From a natural evolution to an artificial evolution Rivista Biologica. - Biology Forum, 98 39-46. 

Lodmell, J.S., Ehresmann, C., Ehresmann, B. and Marquet, R. (2000) Convergence of natural and artificial evolution an RNA loop-loop interaction The HIV-1 dimerization initiation site. RNA, 6, 1267-1276. 

Harayama, S. (1998) Artificial evolution by DNA shuffling. Trends Biotechnol.,... 

Figure 23. Eschenmoser s homo-DNA [50c-g] playing the game of artificial evolution and simulating from nucleic acid viewpoints aspects of general carbohydrate codes [60, 61] (top) Olson-DNA and RNA arrangements [50 g] in comparison to comparable appearances of homo-DNA bottom) Olson-RNA -peptide interactions modeling early intimacies in the nucleation of the nucleoprotein system [7 a, 17, 18] and by this excluding more rigid hexose-DNA/ RNAs from evolutionary trends [50],...

And then there is finally - besides the artificial evolutions of selecting functional nucleic acids for specific interactions with cooperative mates, high-affinic recognitions, and catalytic activities fiom random pools - the evolution of an individual scientific life s work [50], which itself follows decisive stages of the grand process the exploration of early chemical requirements, the development of prebiotic ligand systems, the fixation into the ordered structures of informational inorganic matrix patterns... 

It has been repeatedly suggested that biological (and perhaps also artificial) evolution should preferentially lead to states that are dynamically critical [1-6]. These states, sometimes said to he at the edge of chaos , are neither too rigidly ordered nor chaotic if the system is described hy a dynamical system, the claim translates into the statement that evolution should tune the system s parameters, so they should be at (or close to) the separatrices between regions of ordered behavior (where the attractors are, e.g., fixed points or limit cycles) and regions where the attractors are chaotic. 

M. Z. Miskin and H. M. Jaeger. Adapting granular materials through artificial evolution. Nat. Mater., 12 326, 2013. 

Harvey, I. (1996). Artificial evolution and real robots. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics (AROB), (pp. 138-141). Beppu, Japan Masanori Sugisaka. 

Genetic Programming Magic or Trivial Genetic programming [15] appeared more recently than the previously described forms of artificial evolution (perhaps delayed by the need for greater computer power). It is the evolution of variable length representations. As the most prominent example, computer... 

Another interesting application is the use of evolving network models for a simulation approach to hard game-theoretical problems such as predator-prey models in continuous space-time. They cannot simply be reduced to discrete tournaments. One can find solutions to such problems by simulating the players as evolving neural nets [51]. In this model, the universal emergence of the main prey behavioral patterns observed in nature was verified in artificial evolution. The three stages are ... 

It also seems clear that specific interactions (which are used by natural enzymes) are missing from even the more sophisticated systems. This could be a problem if we want to mimic natural enzymes, or if we want to use (complex) model systems to understand the power of natural enzymes. But overall, there is no need for artificial design to replicate what we know about enzymes—artificial evolution might as well proceed toward a route unexplored by Nature. Although specific interactions are important for natural enzymes, or enzymes involved in metabolic pathways for which there needs to be discrimination, there are other processes for which such discrimination might not be crucial. Degradation of pollutants is an obvious... 

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