Articulatory techniques

Modularity It is advantageous to have a modular system, so that we can control components separately. All three techniques provide a soirrce/filter modularity, with the formant and articulatory techniques scoring better in this regard in that the glottal waveform itself is fully separable. The formant and articulatory synthesisers have further modularity, in that they allow separate control of the oral and nasal cavities. Beyond this, the formant synthesiser allows individual control of each formant, giving a final level of modularity which greatly outweighs the other techniques. 

Articulatory techniques are direct, passive techniques in which no thrusting force is used. They can be considered low-velocity and low-amph-tude. They are generally performed within the physiologic range of motion of any given joint and tend to be repetitive to free all planes of motion within the joint. 

FIG. 88-9 Articulatory technique for an elevated clavicle, patient seated. 

He was treated with a variety of osteopathic techniques. The cervical spine was treated with muscle energy and normal motion was restored. The first rib was treated with facilitated positional release. The pronator teres and the wrist were treated with counterstrain. The wrist was treated with articulatory techniques. 

After the acute asthma symptoms have abated, or in between exacerbations, manipulative treatment may include direct or indirect (including articulatory) techniques to treat motion restrictions of the clavicles, cervical and thoracic spine, ribs, thoracic inlet, sternum, and thoracoabdominal diaphragm. Treatment of these areas may improve chest wall motion, thereby diminishing the work of breathing ultimately to the benefit of the asthmatic patient. 

Ease of data acquisition Whether the system is rule-driven or data-driven , some data has to be acquired, even if this is just to help the rule-writer determine appropriate values for the rules. Here linear prediction clearly wins, because its parameters can easily be determined from any real speech w aveform. When formant synthesisers were mainly being developed, no fully reliable formant trackers existed, so the formant values had to be determined either manually or semi-manually. While better formant traekers now exist, many other parameters required in formant S5mthesis (e.g. zero loeations or bandwidth values) are still somewhat difficult to determine. Articulatory synthesis is partieularly interesting in that in the past it was next to impossible to acquire data. Now, various techniques such as EMA and MRI have made this much easier, and so it should be possible to collect much bigger databases for this purpose. The inability to collect accurate articulatory data is certainly one of the main reasons why articulatory synthesis never really took off. 

This chapter describes the techniques of the Still technique for treating somatic dysfunctions of the cervical spine—atypical (OA AA) and typical (C2-C7). The patient may be treated either in the seated position or in the supine position. Compression is used for both positions but traction may be used when the patient is supine. Occasionally, the portion of the treatment involving movement towards the barriers may result in an articulatory "pop."... 

Patient position supine, with lower extremities extended and resting on the table. The patient may be instructed to hold onto the table with both hands to keep from sliding on the surface. The technique may also be performed with the patient prone. It also has an articulatory component. 

Compression is most commonly used, but some of the techniques involve an element of traction and/or torsion. Occasionally, the portion of the treatment involving movement toward the barriers may result in an articulatory "pop."... 

There are two direct methods used to move the rib articulations rib-raising techniques, which are articulatory, and thrusting techniques, which are generally high-velocity, low-amplitude. Each has its own special applications as described here. 

The two major goals of osteopathic manipulation of the upper extremity are to restore function and to prevent motion loss. The upper extremity is generally considered one unit when treating with articulatory or thrusting techniques. Each restricted joint must be returned to normal function. 

The Spencer techniques are seven gentle stretch-ing/articulatory maneuvers used to treat/prevent shoulder restriction caused by hypertonic muscles, early adhesive capsulitis, healed fractures and dislocations, and any other traumatic or degenerative condition in which improved motion is required. 

CHAPTER 88 ARTICULATORY THRUSTING TECHNIQUES FOR THE UPPER EXTREMITIES... 

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