Approximation cumulant 3-RDMs

Rosina s theorem states that for an unspecified Hamiltonian with no more than two-particle interactions the ground-state 2-RDM alone has sufficient information to build the higher ROMs and the exact wavefunction [20, 51]. Cumulants allow us to divide the reconstruction functional into two parts (i) an unconnected part that may be written as antisymmetrized products of the lower RDMs, and (ii) a connected part that cannot be expressed as products of the lower RDMs. As shown in the previous section, cumulant theory alone generates all of the unconnected terms in RDM reconstruction, but cumulants do not directly indicate how to compute the connected portions of the 3- and 4-RDMs from the 2-RDM. In this section we discuss a systematic approximation of the connected (or cumulant) 3-RDM [24, 26]. 

The 2-RDM is automatically antisymmetric, but it may require an adjustment of the trace to correct the normalization. The functionals in Table I from cumulant theory allow us to approximate the 3- and the 4-RDMs from the 2-RDM and, hence, to iterate with the contracted power method. Because of the approximate reconstruction the contracted power method does not yield energies that are strictly above the exact energy. As in the full power method the updated 2-RDM in Eq. (116) moves toward the eigenstate whose eigenvalue has the largest magnitude. 

Much of the recent literature on RDM reconstruction functionals is couched in terms of cumulant decompositions [13, 27-38]. Insofar as the p-RDM represents a quantum mechanical probability distribution for p-electron subsystems of an M-electron supersystem, the RDM cumulant formalism bears much similarity to the cumulant formalism of classical statistical mechanics, as formalized long ago by by Kubo [39]. (Quantum mechanics introduces important differences, however, as we shall discuss.) Within the cumulant formalism, the p-RDM is decomposed into connected and unconnected contributions, with the latter obtained in a known way from the lower-order -RDMs, q < p. The connected part defines the pth-order RDM cumulant (p-RDMC). In contrast to the p-RDM, the p-RDMC is an extensive quantity, meaning that it is additively separable in the case of a composite system composed of noninteracting subsystems. (The p-RDM is multiphcatively separable in such cases [28, 32]). The implication is that the RDMCs, and the connected equations that they satisfy, behave correctly in the limit of noninteracting subsystems by construction, whereas a 2-RDM obtained by approximate solution of the CSE may fail to preserve extensivity, or in other words may not be size-consistent [40, 42]. 

In this work, we derive—via explicit cancellation of unconnected terms in the CSE—a pair of simultaneous, connected equations that together determine the 1- and 2-RDMCs, which in mrn determine the 2-RDM in a simple way. Because the cancellation of unconnected terms is exact, we have in a sense done nothing the connected equations are equivalent to the CSE and, given Al-representabUify boundary conditions, they are also equivalent to the electronic Schrodinger equation. The important difference is that the connected equations for the cumulants automatically yield a size-consistent 2-RDM, even when solved approximately, because every term in these equations is manifestly extensive. 

In this paper, we examine the electron correlation of one-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional Hubbard models with two sets of approximate iV-representability conditions. While recent RDM calculations have examined linear [20] as well as 4 x 4 and 6x6 Hubbard lattices [2, 57], there has not been an exploration of ROMs on quasi-one-dimensional Hubbard lattices with a comparison to the one-dimensional Hubbard lattices. How does the electron correlation change as we move from a one-dimensional to a quasi-one-dimensional Hubbard model How are these changes in correlation reflected in the required A -repre-sentability conditions on the 2-RDM One- and two-par-ticle correlation functions are used to compare the electronic structure of the half-filled states of the 1 x 10 and 2x10 lattices with periodic boundary conditions. The degree of correlation captured by approximate A -repre-sentability conditions is probed by examining the one-particle occupations around the Fermi surfaces of both lattices and measuring the entanglement with a size-extensive correlation metric, the Frobenius norm squared of the cumulant part of the 2-RDM [23]. 

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