Appraisal theory

As we shall see, both the aesthetic and the nonaesthetic emotions generated by works of art create puzzles or constitute counterexamples for some well-known theories of emotion. "Appraisal theory," for instance, which asserts that all emotions are triggered by a cognitive appraisal of a situation,12 cannot account for feelings of joy generated by a joyous piece of music, and only with difficulty for the feelings of terror generated by a horror movie. Similarly, either... 

The above method of testing an hypothesis has proved a very effective tool in burn-out analysis, and has been a great help in appraising the many burn-out theories and correlations that have appeared in the literature. 

Fortunately, over a month before, after my return from Prague, the Tribunal had asked for some special "theory" to help them appraise the evidence, and the staff had given the matter some thought. 

Laurent, Gerhardt, and the Philosophy of Chemistry," HSPS 6 (1975) 405429, and "Methods and Methodology in the Development of Organic Chemistry," Ambix 34 (1987) 147155 Rocke, "Kekule s Benzene Theory and the Appraisal of Scientific Theories," 45161, in A. Donovan et al., eds., Scrutinizing Science (Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988). On Kuhnian vs. Popperian models, see H. W. 

Kekule s Benzene Theory and the Appraisal of Scientific Theories." In Scrutinizing Science. Ed. Arthur Donovan et al. Dordrecht Kluwer, 1988. Pp. 4561. 

Part IV of this article outlines a description of the processes involved in cleavage of a single metal-carbon bond, and puts forward a theory of the influences of electron count, and of configuration interaction, on metal-carbon bond stability. Finally, in Part V, I attempt a critical appraisal of the method adopted and the results obtained. 

Three common methods of measuring crosslinking (swelling, elastic modulus, and gel point measurements) have recently been critically appraised by Dole (14). A fourth method using a plot of sol + sol against the reciprocal dose has also been used extensively. However, Lyons (23) has pointed out that this relation, even for polyethylenes of closely random distribution, does not have the rectilinear form required by the statistical theory of crosslinking. Flory (19) pointed out many years ago that the extensibility of a crosslinked elastomer should vary as the square root of the distance between crosslinks. More recently Case (4, 5) has calculated that the extensibility of an elastomer is given by ... 

A. M. Diamond, Jr., The polywater episode and the appraisal of theories , in Scrutinizing Science Empirical Studies of Scientific Change, ed. A. Donovan et al., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1988, pp. 181-198. 

Clearness and transparency with respect to the choice of models, methods, assumptions, distributions and parameters are two prerequisites for trust and confidence openness about uncertainties is another. Exposure assessment as an applied science should follow the main scientific desiderata empirical testing, documentation and reproducibility of results, explicit reporting of uncertainty, peer review and an open debate about underlying theories and models. This way, the main attributes for characterizing uncertainty discussed in the last chapter, the appraisal of the knowledge base and the subjectivity of choices, are clarified. 

The use of dimethyl sulphoxide in organic chemistry has revealed the profound influence of solvent on the course and the rates of organic reactions. The striking discovery, in the early 1960 s, that certain dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide (sulfolane), hexamethylphosphor-triamide (HMPT), as well as DMSO, could result in certain instances in rate enhancements of the order of 1010 relative to hydroxylic solvents led to a re-appraisal of the then established theories of medium effects. 

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