Applications of Refractories

Ceramic abrasives and machine tools are refractory as they glow orange-hot on the job. In advanced, high-strength filament-reinforced composites, there is at least one refractory component, such as carbon or silicon carbide. The legs of a high-temperature thermocouple are also made of these two materials. Nuclear reactors use graphite, uranium oxide, and carbide. Military armor is made of refractory materials. 

The oxygen content of automotive exhaust gases is measured by zirconia. Alumina is the carrier for combustion catalysts. Alumina also insulates the electrodes of a hot spark plug. Chromia prevents superalloys from burning up in an aircraft turbojet. 

Applications of refractories are growing as new developments continue to take place. 

Applications of Ceramics, http //www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/applications-of-ceramics-6266693.html utm source=google utm medium=cpc utm campaign=ab paid 12 gclid=CPz9v7rjsLgCFYVKpgod hjIApw (accessed October 2, 2014). 

Carniglia and G. L. Bama (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Refractories Technology— Principles, Types, Properties and Applications, Noyes Publications, Westwood, NJ, 1992, Chapter III Foundations of Refractory Application, pp. 67-133. 

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Wear, Erosion, and Corrosion Applications of Refractory Carbides and Nitrides... 

Standardized applications of different refractory types are listed in an excellent series compiled by the ASTM (36). These surveys cover the principal industrial applications of refractories and furnish a description of furnace operations and destructive influences such as slagging, erosion, abrasion, spalling, and load deformation. 

Dal Maschio, R., Fabbri, B. and Fiori, C., Industrial applications of refractories containing magnesium aluminate spinel , Industrial Ceramics, 1988 8(3) 121-6. 

With respect to the application of refractories, the most important properties to be considered are mechanical and rheological, in particular at elevated temperatures there is also their resistance to corrosive fluxes and their thermal shock resistance. These properties will be given special attention in the brief outline below. 

During application of refractory oxides, melting range is typically more important than melting temperature. Softening point is defined as the temperature at which a... 

Because the development of cracks can not be avoided in the rough environments of the typical applications of refractories, the probability must be reduced that such cracks result in failure. This is possible by reinforcement with fibers. Some materials that have been added to accomplish this are stiff, needle-like chopped wire or slit sheet fibers which are sometimes even supplied with, for example, hooks on their ends to increase anchorage. As schematically shown in Fig. 5.18 steel fibers in the refractory structure arrest the cracks and prohibit their propagation. Newer reinforcement... 

Flame Gunning. The application of refractory powder through a high temperature burner to deposit a fused mass onto a worn area of a refractory lining. 

Kosolapova, T. Ya. (Ed.). (1986). Properties, Synthesis and Application of Refractory Compounds. Moscow Metallurgiya. 

With critical applications of refractories, statistical quality control might become the link for long-term relationships between the customer and the producer of refractory materials. 

Yasanskaya G. Properties, processing and application of refractory compounds. Reference book. Moscow, Metallurgiya 1986. 893 p. 

National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning, Application of Refractory Materials, http //nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/113104058/mme pdf/Lecturel5.pdf... 

Another application of refractories is in hydrocarbon industries, such as in oil and gas industries. The property requirements for refractories here are different from those of metal industries. The temperature requirements are lower, but the refractories should be abrasion resistant to the flow of high velocity particles. The refractories also should conserve heat energy during conversion processes by having thermal conductivity within a certain limit. 

From this discussion, it must be obvious that the property requirements are different for different applications of refractories. The most important requirements are as follows ... 

Chapter VIII gives concise tables of information on current and prospective fields of application of refractory compounds in different branches of industry. 

In Chapter VIII, "Examples of the Applications of Refractory Compounds," in cases relating to the actual utilization the fundamental properties of the corresponding alloys are given. 

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