Application The Oxidation of Ethanol

It has been shown possible to convert gaseous substrates with enzymes (Russell and Yang, 1996 Lamare and Legoy, 1993). The enzyme is present as a solid phase which is passed by a stream of gaseous substrate. There is no need for a liquid phase. An example of such a reaction is the oxidation of ethanol by alcohol oxidase. Relatively high reaction temperatures are used to keep the substrates in the gas phase. Consequently, it is favourable to use thermostable enzymes for these applications. 

Conversion of ethylene to acetaldehyde with a soluble palladium complex was one of the early applications of homogeneous catalysis. Traditionally, acetaldehyde was manufactured either by the hydration of acetylene or by the oxidation of ethanol. As most of the acetic acid manufacturing processes were based on acetaldehyde oxidation, the easy conversion of ethylene to acetaldehyde by the Wacker process was historically a significant discovery. With the... 

The most frequently reported oxidation reaction of isatins is the oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide to give anthranilic acids. This procedure has been both as a proof of structure of isatins and as a method of synthesis of anthranilic acids. The oxidation has been applied to alkyl 8"10 11 23 33>38-40>46 49>50>118halo n.18.35.36-38-40.47.10 .11 . 119,136,240 alkoxy,26,a8 39,47,75.io7,ii8,i36 trifluoromethyl,33,38,137 and nitro8,120,217 isatins. Use of N-substituted isatins led to N-substituted anthranilic acids.66,71,125,158,169,243 In the oxidation of 5-bromo-l-(y-carbethoxypropyl)-7-ethylisatin, 60 was isolated after treatment with ethanol and acid.11 Oxidation of isatin derivatives 61 led, after treatment with diazomethane, to the acridine derivatives 62.67 Application of this oxidation method to 7-hydroxyisatins gave rise to benzoxazo-lones (63).2,41... 

The only compound of samarium with any commercial applications is samarium oxide (Sm203). This compound is used in the manufacture of special kinds of glass, as a catalyst in the manufacture of ethanol (ethyl alcohol), and in nuclear power plants as a neutron absorber. 

Oxidation of Other Alcohols, Glycols, Carbonyls, and Esters. The processes described for ethanol have also been found generally applicable to the oxidation of propanol and butanol to the corresponding acids, particularly those using dissolved cobalt catalysts in acid solutions. 

Processes for adenovirus purification typically end with concentration, formulation, and sterile filtration operations [40, 80,106]. Concentration and formulation are usually carried out in ultra-filtration units equipped with 100-300-kDA membranes [40,106]. The exact composition of the formulation buffer will depend on the intended application, mode of administration (injectable, aerosol), and required short-term and shelf stability [104,123]. A typical liquid formulation may include an aqueous buffer supplemented with cryoprotectants (e.g., sucrose) and stabilizers such as the nonionic-surfactant polysorbate-80, the chelating agent EDTA, and the oxidation inhibitors ethanol and histidine [123]. Filtration under sterile conditions is typically performed with 0.22-pm membranes [103,106]. 

Sen Gupta S, Datta J (2005) An investigation into the electro-oxidation of ethanol and 2-propanol for application in direct alcohol fuel cells (DAECs). J Chem Sci 117(4) 337-344... 

In particular, the electrooxidation of ethanol over Pt in acidic media has two major hmitations which prevent its viability as it was discussed by Koper [109]. The first relates to the fact that reaction predominantly produces acetate and acetic acid intermediates thus resulting in only 2 and 4 electrons respectively which are only very minor contributions to the possible current. Both are thus unwanted side products for fuel cell applications. The second limitation is that the path to CO2 is rather difficult in that it requires the activation of C-C bond as well as the oxidation of both the CHx and CO intermediates that form. Both of these intermediates tend to inhibit or poison metal surfaces at lower potentials [110]. 

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