Application of Sizing Chart

Example 12 Application of Sizing Chart Assume the same cooling range and approach as used in Example 11 except that the wet-hiilh temperature is lower. Design conditions would then he... 

Figure 6.7 is a popular flowchart for determining steam flow rate, pipe size, steam pressure, or steam velocity in a given pipe. Using this chart, the designer can determine any one of the four variables listed above when the other three are known. In solving a problem on the chart in Fig. 6.7, use the steam-quantity lines to intersect pipe sizes and the steam-pressure lines to intersect steam velocities. Here are two typical applications of this chart. 

The fields of application of each type, classified by the size range of the solid particles separated, are given in Figure 10.16. A similar selection chart is given by Schroeder (1998). 

Laminar flow is known to reduce the capacity of safety valves for single-phase liquid flow and a capacity correction chart is available13,41. The derivation of this chart has recently been reviewed151 and this review gives additional information about the applicability of the correction factor to different sizes of valve. 

The velocity spectra in the axial direction for an axial flow impeller A200 is shown in Fig. 14. A decibel correlation has been used in Fig. 5 because of its well-known applicability in mathematical modeling as well as the practicality of putting many orders of magnitude of data on a reasonably sized chart. Other spectra of importance are the power spectra (the square of the velocity) and the Reynolds stress (the product of the R and Z velocity components), which is a measure of the momentum at a point. 

Most of the work in the estimating process relies on the application of well-established factors to a basic figure of the cost of all of the main items of the plant, as delivered to the site entrance. This figure has thus to be calculated as accurately as possible, based upon the plant design as available at the time of the estimate. It depends upon the identification and rough sizing of the key process plant items (such as reactors, distillation columns, heat exchangers, and so on), and the determination of approximate delivered prices for these items, from charts and other information published in textbooks, journals and on the internet. 

Application of a worldwide sales ratio beginning with FDA approval ignores the revenues that accrue when products are launched in other countries before the FDA approves them.19Fig-ure 4-6 charts the frequency of early approval in other countries for the NCEs approved by FDA in 1981-83. Over 25 percent of drugs approved in the United States in this period were first approved at least 5 years earlier in another country. The revenues realized in the years before FDA approval are potentially very significant in terms of the present value of revenues, but without access to foreign sales data it is impossible to estimate their size. To be conservative, OTA excluded early foreign sales from the analysis. 

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