API Drying

On-line MRS contributed to process control by quantitatively predicting the moisture content. MRS also provided process understanding within this study where the authors note that PCA was able to discriminate amongst various hydration states. The target end point of 5-8% w/w HjO was chosen because the trihydrate was the desired form. Using on-line NIRS to monitor this drying process was ideal since end point was determined in real-time prior to the formation of an undesired lower hydrate form.  

---

Parris J, Airiau C, Escon R, ei al. Monitoring API drying operations with NIR. Spectroscopy 2005 20(2) 34-4I. 

In the synthesis of a developmental API, dry milling was used to produce fine particles for formulation development. Due to concerns about solid handling during dry milling, development of a process to produce the desired particle size directly in the crystallization was initiated. 

Iron (III) chloride oxide (100 mg) is introduced into a Pyrex tube = 10 cm long, 0.8 cm in diameter, 2.0 mm wall thickness, which has been sealed at one end. To this is added 4 mL of reagent-grade pyridine (Py) or 2,4,6-trimethylpy-ridine (TMPy) which has been previoulsy dried over 3A molecular sieves. The tube is sealed and heated at 100° for 1 week then the black product is collected by filtration and washed several times with dry acetone.2 (To prepare the Apy derivative 4 mL of a 1 M acetone solution of APy, dried as above, is used and the reaction temperature is maintained at 40°). 

There are no definitions for categorising reservoir fluids, but the following table indicates typical GOR, API and gas and oil gravities for the five main types. The compositions show that the dry gases contain mostly paraffins, with the fraction of longer chain components increasing as the GOR and API gravity of the fluids decrease. 

Table 4-154 gives the basic properties of the various classes of the dry API cements [165]. 

Specific weight is one of the most important properties of a cement slurry. A neat cement slurry is a combination of only cement and water. The specific weight of a neat cement slurry is defined by the amount of water used with the dry cement. The specific weight range for a particular class of cement is, therefore, limited by the minimum and maximum water-to-cement ratios permissible by API standards. 

Viscometer test. Typical crosslinked starches are obtained when the initial rise of the viscosity of the product is between 104° and 144° C, and the viscosity of the product does not rise above 200 Brabender units at temperatures less dian 130° C. The crosslinked starch slurry is then drum-dried and milled to obtain a dry product. The effectiveness of the product is checked by the API Fluid Loss Test after static aging of sample drilling fluids containing the starch at elevated temperatures. The milled dry product can then be incorporated into the oil well drilling fluid of the drill site. 

Offshore Helideck Liquid Spill NFPA 418 API 14G 1. Hydrants 2. Foamwater Monitors 3. Dual Agent (Dry Chemical Foam) 1. NFPA 24 2. NFPA 24 3. NFPA 11/17... 

HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS). MS conditions ionization mode, atmospheric pressure ionization-electrospray (API-ES) polarity, positive Vcap, 4000 V nebulizer pressure, 35 psig drying gas, 10 L min gas temperature, 350 °C fragmentor, 70 V scan range, 120-600 atm. 

---