Antique notions

Although acids and bases have been recognized since antiquity, our concepts of them are still the subject of debate and development (Walden, 1929 Hall, 1940 Bell, 1947, 1973 Luder, 1948 KolthofF, 1944 Bjerrum, 1951 Day Selbin, 1969 Jensen, 1978 Finston Rychtman, 1982). The history of these concepts is a long one and can be seen as a prolonged and continuous refinement of inexact and commonsense notions into precise scientific theories. It has been a long and difficult journey and one that is by no means ended. 

The rapid accrual of biomedical information has led to considerable interest both in the notion of evidence-based medicine and also in the history of the use of quantitative evidence in medicine. Trohler has shown that the origins of a quantitative approach to medicine can be traced back to the eighteenth century in Britain and was a movement begun by physicians who believed that there was a need to move to an empirical approach to medicine and away from the systemic-pathophysiological approach of antiquity. 

The concept of elements is intimately entwined with the idea of atoms, but each does not demand the other. Plato believed in the four canonical elements of antiquity, but he did not exactly concur with the notion of atoms. Other Greek philosophers trusted in atoms but did not divide all matter into a handful of basic ingredients. 

Plato s elements can be interconverted because of the geometric commonalities of their atoms . For Anaxagoras, all material substances are mixtures of all four elements, so one substance changes to another by virtue of the growth in proportion of one or more elements and the corresponding diminution of the others. This view of matter as intimate blends of elements is central to the antiquated elementary theories, and is one of the stark contrasts with the modern notion of an element as a fundamental substance that can be isolated and purified. 

It is not a surprise that there is no mention of chemical bum by antique authors such as Hippocrates, Galien, or Celse because the notion of chemical bum does not exist in their world even cases of chemical bum might not have existed in their time. 

The Antique period gave initial geographical and cartographic notions about the Black Sea within the framework of the Earth description in general. 

Despite their antiquity (perhaps 2.5 billion years old), the resurrected ancestral elongation factors are inferred for bacteria that lived long after the origin of life. Nevertheless, the notion that early life lived at high temperatures, in water, and at nearly neutral pH is consistent with available data. For example, a recent reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree of life based on 31 common gene families supports the notion that the last common ancestor lived at high temperatures.65... 

Could the state itself be an exploiter Hitherto I have tacitly assumed that exploiters as well as exploited are individuals, but could one extend the notion so that either or both are collectivities In G. E.M. de Ste Croix s study of exploitation in classical antiquity, all four possibilities appear ... 

First notions about the Aral Sea may be found in Ancient Greece and Rome. The treatises of the Antique scholars contain the first written allusions to the rivers of Central Asia that flow into the sea. But these data were very fragmental, crmfused and, at times, even fantastic. 

The notion that art is unequal to nature was already a commonplace in antiquity. Examples abound in Cicero s Denatum deorum, as at I, 92 and II, 35, 57, et passim. For other examples of this ancient belief, see A. J. Close, Commonplace Theories of Art and Nature in Classical Antiquity and in the Renaissance, Journal of the History of Ideas 30(1969), 467-486. 

The entire notion of an ionic bond versus a covalent bond is, in fact, an antiquated concept. In reality, there is a huge gray area of polar compounds intermediate between the two extremes. The only truly quantitative values which can delineate one molecule from the next are the calculated atomic charges and the bond critical point densities. Nevertheless, it is useful to discuss where a particular molecule might fall along this spectrum in terms of the more familiar terminology. In this context, the results of AIM can be summarized as follows ... 

It should be recorded that from antiquity to the present, the notion of symmetry has undergone a lengthy development. From a purely geometrical concept it turned in to a fundamental notion lying at the foundation of nature s laws. Now, we understand that the symmetry is not only that which is visible to our eyes. The symmetry is not just the thing that exists around us but it is the root of ever Thing. According to the modern views, the concept of symmetry is characterized by a certain structure in which three factors are combined ... 

The notion of a substance composed of small, indivisible particles, i.e. atoms, can be traced back to antiquity. In the fifth century BC, Greek philosophers such as Leukippos and Democritus were spokesmen for this point of view. 

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