Antimony chemical reactivity

Antimony(III) halides are chemically reactive, but less so than their phosphorus or arsenic analogues. Antimony(III) chloride forms a clear solution with water, and there is no evidence for Sb3+ ions dilution results in precipitation of insoluble oxychlorides of various compositions, e.g. SbOCl, Sb405a2, SbsOuCl2. Some reactions of SbCl3 are shown in Scheme 3. Antimony(III) fluoride is an important fluorinating agent. 

These derivatives have not only provided new synthetic pathways but have shown improved thermal stability (as in the case of arsenic ylides) and a modified pattern of chemical reactivity. The donor properties of ylides 55, 24), and most of their synthetic applications 103), have been covered in other reviews and articles 3, 26) and are not duplicated here. The general organometallic chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth is the subject of the invaluable monograph by Doak and Freedman 11). The broad scope of phosphorus ylide and pentaorganophosphorane chemistry was covered in the leading multivolume series on organophosphorus chemistry edited by Kosolapoff and Maier 3, 21). Finally, the recent... 

Chemical leach tests on the bulk settled dust samples showed that the dusts are quite chemically reactive. Leach solutions have high alkali-nities, due to the rapid partial dissolution of calcium hydroxide from concrete particles. Indoor dust samples produced higher pH levels (11.8-12.4) and alkalinities (—600 mg CaCOa) than outdoor dusts (pH 8.2-10.4 alkalinity —30mgL CaCOa), indicating that outdoor dust samples had reacted with rainfall or other water prior to collection. Thurston et al (2002) found that the leachate pH of the dusts decreased with decreasing particle size. Some metals or metalloids in the dusts (aluminum, chromium, antimony, molybdenum, barium, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel) are readily leached by deionized water many of these form oxyanion species or carbonate complexes that are most mobile at the alkaline pH s generated by the leachates. 

Substituent effects of arsenic, antimony and bismuth groups B. Chemical Reactivity... 

Antimony pentachloride reacts explosively with phosphonium iodide, PH4I (Mellor, J. W. 1947. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Oxford, UK Longmans and Green) and explodes mildly when treated with oxygen difluoride at 150°C (Bretherick, L. 1995. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5 h edition, ed. P.G.Urben, p. 1420. Oxford, UK ... 

These workers showed that dissolved arsenic and antimony in natural waters can exist in die trivalent and pentavalent oxidation states, and the biochemical and geochemical reactivities of these elements are dependent upon their chemical forms. They developed a method for the simultaneous determination of arsenic (III)+antimony (III+V)+ antimony (III+V) that uses selective hydride generation, liquid nitrogen cooled trapping, and gas chromatography-photoionisation detection. The detection limit for arsenic is lOpmol L 1 while that for antimony is 3.3pmol L 1 precision (as relative standard deviation) for both elements is better than 3%. 

---