Antibiotics Antifoulants

Wright, M. 1989. Antibiotic and antifouling properties of marine invertebrate extracts comparative aspects of sponges and gorgonians. In Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms With Emphasis on the Indian Ocean An Indo-United States Symposium, eds. M-F. Thompson, R. Sarojini R. Nagabhushanam, pp. 351-356, Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. 

Other polyamines with antimicrobial activity are secondary metabohtes from marine sponges, such as pseudokeratidine (43) [88-90], which is used in antifouling paints. The majority of those alkaloid polyamines contain a spermidine moiety such as ptilomycalin A (44) [91], a marine alkaloid possessing antibiotic activity (Fig. 11). 

While most of these derivatives are antibiotics, some of them have other properties 11-oxo-fistularin 3 is antiviral and 11-oxoaerothionin is cytotoxic. Several of the compounds shown in Figure 19.127 have particular biological activities ceratinamine is an antifouling agent for sponges, ma edamine A is cytotoxic, archerine is antihis-taminic and tokaradine A has repulsive properties for some species of crabs. 

Release and or presentation of antimicrobial substances, eg, AMPS, antibiotics, enzymes, QSIs and antifouling polymers... 

Fig. 5.1 Schematic representation of possible modifications for antimicrobial surfaces (left), tissue modulative surfaces (right) and multifunctional surfaces (middle). Antimicrobial surfaces can be achieved by the release and or by the surface display of antimicrobial substances, such as AMPS, antibiotics, enzymes, QSIs and antifouling polymers. A specific tissue response can be induced by the presentation of adhesive biomolecules, hydrogels scaffolds or micro-roughening, for example. Combining both of these approaches leads to multifunctional surfaces which discourage bacterial adhesion, or kill bacteria, while stimulating tissue cells to adhere, differentiate or express specific genes.

---