Anthrax expression

Azhar, A.M., Singh, S., Anand Kumar, R, and Bhutnagar, R. (2002). Expression of protective antigen in transgenic plants a step towards an edible vaccine against anthrax. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299(3) 345-351. 

Maldonado-Arocho, F.J., Fulcher, J.A., Lee, B., Bradley, K.A. (2006). Anthrax oedema toxin induces anthrax toxin receptor expression in monocyte-derived cells. Mol. Microbiol. 61 324-37. 

Bhatnagar R, Singh Y, Leppla SH, Friedlander AM. Calcium is required for the expression of anthrax lethal toxin activity in the macrophagelike cell line J774A.1. Infect Immun. 1989 57 2107-2114. 

Hoffmaster AR, Koehler TM. 1997. The anthrax toxin activator geneatxA is associated with COj enhanced nontoxin gene expression in Bacillus anthracis. Infection and Immunity 65 3091-3099. 

Intravenous ciprofloxacin or doxycycline is recommended for treatment of anthrax, usually as part of a cocktail of antibiotics (CDC, 2001a,b). Multiple antibiotics are usually indicated in anthrax cases with signs of septicemia, extensive edema, or for cases with cutaneous lesions in the head and neck (Brook, 2002). Penicillin may be included in the antibiotic cocktail but is not recommended as a stand-alone therapy due to B. anthracis p-lactamase production. B. anthracis can express p-lactamase variants, penicillinases and cepha-losporinases, which would undermine a lone-penicillin therapy (Lightfoot et al., 1990). B. anthracis has shown in vitro resistance to cephaloporins and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Inglesby et al., 2002). Corticosteroid therapy may help treat edema from head and neck lesions or prevent airway obstruction. Table 29.3 contains... 

Mohamadzadeh, M., Durmaz, E., Zadeh, M., et al. (2010). Targeted expression of anthrax protective antigen by Lactobacillus gasseri as an anthrax vaccine. Future Microbiol 5, 1289-1296. 

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