Anthocyanidin glycosides anthocyanins

They usually occur as glycosides (anthocyanins). Dilute acid causes hydrolysis to give a sugar and the corresponding aglycon 2-phenyl-1-benzopyrylium salt (anthocyanidin) [32]. 

Delphinidia, 3,3 ,4, 5,5, 7-hexahydroxyflavyliimi chloride (or delphinidol) is an anthocyanidin flavonoid MerckIndex, 1996). As a glycosidic anthocyanine it is the principal colouring matter in Vaccinium myrtillis L., along with Cyanidin-, Petunidin- and... 

The numbers and types of fragments depend on the anthocyanin structure pattern. The aglycone (anthocyanidin) ordinarily is very stable and cannot be broken easily. In most cases, cleavage of the glycosidic groups will occur to generate small amounts of anthocyanidins in addition to the intact anthocyanin molecular ions. 

Anthocyanins are the deeply colored glycosides of the aglycone anthocyanidins. Only the six aglycones shown in Figure 13.6 are common, although others occur sporadically [11,12]. 

Anthocyanins and anthocyanidins are readily separated on cellulose layers using developing solvents consisting hydrochloric acid-formic acid-water in differing proportions [24]. Glycosides and aglycones are readily separated on the same plate, provided that a sufficiently polar solvent is employed. 

Anthocyanins are colored flavonoids that attract animals when a flower is ready for pollination or a fruit is ready to eat. They are glycosides (i.e., the molecule contains a sugar) that range in color from red, pink, and purple to blue depending on the number and placement of substitutes on the B ring (see Fig. 3.7), the presence of acid residues, and the pH of the cell vacuole where they are stored. Without the sugar these molecules are called anthocyanidins. The color of some pigments results from a complex of different anthocyanin and flavone molecules with metal ions. 

Chemically, anthocyanins are glycosides of anthocyanidins and are based on a 2-phenylbenzopyrilium structure. The properties of the anthocyanins depend on the anthocyanidins from which they originate. 

Parasitic plants often use chemicals released by their host plant to stimulate seed germination, to locate the host, or for haustorial development. Many different compounds are involved, including strigolactones, quinones, coumarins, flavonoids, and other phenolics. Flavonoids contribute to signaling in some species but not others. Haustorial development in Triphysaria versicolor can be induced in vitro by the anthocyanidins petunidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, as well as their glycosides obtained from the host plant.Anthocyanins are not usually found in root exudates, however, and thus the mechanism by which they affect natural signals for parasitic plants in the soil is not clear. 

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