Antheraea

Muga silk Antheraea assamensis Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae trees India... 

Tassar silk Antheraea paphia Combretaceae and Dipterocapaceae India... 

Tussah silk Antheraea pemyi Oak (Quercus) trees China... 

Sequences and predicted secondary structures MA, MI, FLAG (Hayashi el al., 1999), CYL (Garb and Hayashi, 2005), Tubuliform (Tian and Lewis, 2005), Aciniform (Hayashi et al., 2004), Bombyx mori (Inoue et al., 2000a Zhou el al., 2000), Galleria mellonella (Zurovec and Sehnal, 2002), Antheraea pernyi (Sezutsu and Yukuhiro, 2000). 

Amino acid composition MA, MI, FLAG, and CYL from Dicko et al. (2004b), Acinous and Pyriform from unpublished data, Bombyx mori, Antheraea pemyi, and Galleria mellonella from sequences. 

Structure in solution Bombyx mori (Iizuka and Yang, 1966 Yao et al, 2004), MA, MI, FLAG, and CYL (Dicko et al., 2004b), Acinous and Pyriform (Fig. 8), Antheraea pemyi (Tsukada et al, 1994). The helix-like structure is loosely defined as a structure with a CD spectrum similar to myoglobin. /(-Spiral structure is defined as a super helical structure formed of straight sections and /(-turns. 

Fibers extensibility MA (Vollrath, 1999), MI (Vollrath unpublished), FLAG (Gosline et at., 1999a,b), CYL (Dicko et at., 2004b), Acinous (Hayashi et al, 2004), Bombyx mori, Antheraea pemyi, Galleria mellonella (Denny, 1980). 

Sezutsu, H., and Yukuhiro, K. (2000). Dynamic rearrangement within the antheraea pernyi silk fibroin gene is associated with four types of repetitive units. J. Mol. Evol. 

Natural Silks. Many lepidopterous insects secrete from special glands a liquid which becomes solid in the air in the form of filaments destined for the construction of the cocoons in which the insects pass one stage of their existence. Ordinary silk is derived from Bombyx mori, and wild silk from other insects (Antheraea myliUa, A. Yama-mai), which live wild particularly in India, China and Japan. 

Bette S. Breer H. and Krieger J. (2002) Probing a pheromone binding protein of the silkmoth Antheraea polyphemus by endogenous tryptophan fluorescence. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32, 241-246. 

Schneider D., Lacher V. and Kaissling K.-E. (1964) Die Reaktionsweise und das Reaktionsspektrum von Riechzellen bei Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 48, 632-662. 

Vogt R. G., Riddiford L. M. and Prestwich G. D. (1985) Kinetic properties of a sex pheromone-degrading enzyme the sensillar esterase of Antheraea polyphemus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 8827-8831. 

Boeckh I. and Boeckh V. (1979) Threshold and odor specificity of pheromone-sensitive neurons in the deutocerebrum of Antheraea pemyi and A. polyphemus (Saturnidae). J. Comp. Physiol. 132, 235-242. 

Baker T. C. and Vogt R. G. (1988) Measured behavioral latency in response to sex-pheromone loss in the large silk moth Antheraea polyphemus. J. Exp. Biol. 137, 29-... 

Breer H., Krieger J. and Raming K. (1990) A novel class of binding proteins in the antennae of the silkmoth Antheraea pernyi. Insect Biochem. 20, 735-740. 

Kasang G., Nicholls M., Keil T. and Kanaujia S. (1989) Enzymatic conversion of sex pheromones in olfactory hairs of the male silkworm moth Antheraea polyphemus. Z. Naturforsch. 44c, 920-926. 

Klein U. (1987) Sensillum-lymph proteins from antennal olfactory hairs of the moth Antheraea polyphemus (Saturniidae). Insect Biochem. 17, 1193-1204. 

Maida R., Krieger J., Gebauer T., Lange U. and Ziegelberger G. (2000) Three pheromonebinding proteins in olfactory sensilla of the two silkmoth species Antheraea polyphemus and Antheraea pemyi. Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 2899-2908. 

Prestwich G. D., Golec F. A. and Andersen N. H. (1984) Synthesis of a highly tritiated photoaffmity labeled pheromone analog for the moth Antheraea polyphemus. J. Labelled Cmpnd. Radiopharm. 21, 593-601. 

Raming K., Krieger J. and Breer H. (1990) Primary structure of a pheromone-binding protein from Antheraea pernyi homologies with other ligand-carrying proteins. J. Comp. Physiol. B 160, 503-509. 

Rogers M. E., Steinbrecht R. A. and Vogt R. G. (2001a) Expression of SNMP-1 in olfactory neurons and sensilla of male and female antennae of the sitkmoth Antheraea polyphemus. Cell and Tissue Res. 303, 433 446. 

Rogers M. E., Sun M., Lerner M. R. and Vogt R. G. (1997) SNMP-1, a novel membrane protein of olfactory neurons of the silk moth Antheraea polyphemus with homology to the CD36 family of membrane proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14792-14799. 

Rybczynski R., Vogt R. G. and Lerner M. R. (1990) Antennal-specific pheromone-degrading aldehyde oxidases from the moths Antheraea polyphemus and Bombyx mori. J. Biol. Chem. 32, 19712-19715. 

Steinbrecht R. A., Laue M. and Ziegelberger G. (1995) Immunolocalization of pheromonebinding protein and general odorant-binding protein in olfactory sensilla of the silk moths Antheraea and Bombyx. Cell Tissue Res. 282, 203-217. 

Vogt R. G. and Riddiford L. M. (1986b) Scale esterase a pheromone degrading enzyme from the wing scales of the silk moth Antheraea polyphemus. J. Chem. Ecol. 12, 469-482. 

In moths, pheromones are detected by a compound nose (Steinbrecht, 1999), i.e. a network of hair-like sensilla distributed over the surface of the antennae. For example, in the wild silkmoth, Antheraea polyphemus, each male antenna... 

Boeckh J., Kaissling K.-E. and Schneider D. (1960) Sensillen und Bau der Antennengeissel von Telea polyphemus (Verleigche mit weiteren Satumiden Antheraea, Platysamia und Philosamia). Zool. Jb Anat. 78, 559-584. 

Campanacci V., Krieger J., Bette S., Sturgis J. N., Lartigue A., Cambillau C., Breer H. and Tegoni M. (2001) Revisiting the specificity of Mamestra brassicae and Antheraea... 

Keil T. A. (1984a) Reconstruction and morphometry of the silkmoth olfactory hairs a comparative study of sensilla trichodea on the antennae of male Antheraea polyphemus and A. Pernyi (Insecta Lepidoptera). Zoomorphologie 104, 147-156. 

Meng L. Z., Wu C. H., Wicklein M., Kaissling K.-E. and Bestmann H. J. (1989) Number and sensitivity of three types of pheromone receptor cells in Antheraea pemyi and Antheraea polyphemus. J. Comp. Physiol. A 165, 139-146. 

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