Anodes morphology

K. J. O Leary and T. J. Navin, "Morphology of Dimensionally Stable Anodes," paper presented at the Chlorine bicentennial Symposium San Erancisco, Calif., May 1974. 

Seraphin et a/. [39] reported that an arc evaporation of Fe/C composite anode also generated nanochains with similar morphology, described above. 

Optimisation of SWCNT production has been attempted within the framework of the arc-discharge method in which anode and cathode were made of graphite rods, a hole in the anode being filled with metal catalysts such as Y (1 at.%) and Ni (4.2 at.%) [7]. A dense collar deposit (ca. 20% of the total mass of graphite rod) formed around the eathode under He (ca. 500 Torr), with 30 V and 100 A de eurrent. It was eonfirmed that this optimal eollar eontained large amounts of SWCNT bundles eonsisting of (10, 10) SWCNTs (diameter 1.4 nm). Such morphology resembles that produced by the laser ablation teehnique [4,5]. 

Many studies have been undertaken with a view to improving lithium anode performance to obtain a practical cell. This section will describe recent progress in the study of lithium-metal anodes and the cells. Sections 3.2 to 3.7 describe studies on the surface of uncycled lithium and of lithium coupled with electrolytes, methods for measuring the cycling efficiency of lithium, the morphology of deposited lithium, the mechanism of lithium deposition and dissolution, the amount of dead lithium, the improvement of cycling efficiency, and alternatives to the lithium-metal anode. Section 3.8 describes the safety of rechargeable lithium-metal cells. 

These compounds may reduce the reactivity of lithium and make the lithium deposition morphology smoother as a result of the spontaneous electrochemical alloy formation during the charging of lithium on the anode. The lithium was plated on... 

The chemical composition of the SEI formed on carbonaceous anodes is, in general, similar to that formed on metallic lithium or inert electrodes. However some differences are expected as a result of the variety of chemical compositions and morphologies of carbon surfaces, each of which can affect the i() value for the various reduction reactions differently. Another factor, when dealing with graphite, is solvent co-intercalation. Assuming Li2C03 to be a major SEI building material, the thickness of the SEI was estimated to be about 45 A [711. 

The SEI is formed by parallel and competing reduction reactions and its composition thus depends on i0, t], and the concentrations of each of the electroactive materials. For carbon anodes, (0 also depends on the surface properties of the electrode (ash content, surface chemistry, and surface morphology). Thus, SEI composition on the basal plane is different from that on the cross—section planes. 

Figure 3 and 4 show SEM images for the surface of anode catalyst and the cross section of ESC (NiO-YSZ-CeOa I YSZ I (LaSr)Mn03), respectively. The micro structure of the catalyst electrode was characterized by SEM (Hitachi Co., S-4200). The morphology of particles over Ni0-YSZ-Ce02 was uniformly distributed. 

Design parameters of the anode catalyst for the polymer electrolyte membrane fiiel cells were investigated in the aspect of active metal size and inter-metal distances. Various kinds of catalysts were prepared by using pretreated Ketjenblacks as support materials. The prepared electro-catalysts have the morphology such as the sizes of active metal are in the range from 2.0 to 2.8nm and the inter-metal distances are 5.0 to 14.2nm. The electro-catalysts were evaluated as an electrode of PEMFC. In Fig. 1, it looked as if there was a correlation between inter-metal distances and cell performance, i.e. the larger inter-metal distances are related to the inferior cell performance. 

A vast body of literature tackles the different aspects of anodic oxidation, including the growth, structure, morphology, and proper-... 

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