Exercise therapy ankle

Therapy of congestive heart failure. By lowering peripheral resistance, diuretics aid the heart in ejecting blood (reduction in afterload, pp. 132, 306) cardiac output and exercise tolerance are increased. Due to the increased excretion of fluid, EEV and venous return decrease (reduction in preload, p. 306). Symptoms of venous congestion, such as ankle edema and hepatic enlargement, subside. The drugs principally used are thiazides (possibly combined with K+-sparing diuretics) and loop diuretics. 

Baumgartner 1998 Critical lower extremity ischemia Critical ischemia, resistant to maximal medical therapy, not surgical candidates Naked plasmid VEGF 165 Intramuscular injection Phase I 2-11 months Improved Ankle-Brachial index, exercise time, new vessels on angiogram, limb salvage, improved tissue integrity... 

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