Mania animal models

Although exploratory rearing and its suppression has some face value as an animal model of mania and its treatment, this behavior has a large variance and is not always replicable. We sought a behavior that would give us a robust and consistent Li effect, which could then be modified by administering inositol intracerebroventricularly. We examined the effect of inositol on limbic seizures induced by Li -pilocarpine [Kofman et al. 1993]. We first... 

Developing an animal model of bipolar disorder is challenging, due to the dramatically different clinical presentations of mania and depression. Animal models of depression are described above, and can be considered to model the depres-... 

Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania, which include hyperactivity, decreased need for sleep, and a euphoric or irritable mood. Additionally, persons with bipolar disorder may have episodes of depression similar to those seen in major depressive disorder. The lifetime prevalence of severe bipolar disorder is about 1% and 3-5% if milder cases are included, afflicting men and women equally. Both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder tend to be episodic, and in the periods of time between episodes, persons may experience few or no symptoms. The etiology of bipolar disorder is predominately genetic, with a 70% concordance in monozygotic twins. The neurobiology of bipolar disorder is less well understood, and few animal models have been developed. Treatment of bipolar disorder usually involves mood stabilizer medications, including lithium, and the anticonvulsants valproate and carbamazepine. At times, antidepressant and antipsychotic medications are also used. 

Petty F, Sherman AD (1981) A pharmacologically pertinent animal model of mania. J Affect Disord 3 381-387. 

Hougland MT, Gao Y, Herman L, Ng CK, Lei Z, El-Mallakh RS. Positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose-F18 in an animal model of mania. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2008 164(2) 166-71. 

Andreazza AC, Kauer-Sant Anna M, Frey BN, Stertz L, Zanotto C, Ribeiro L, Giasson K, Valvassori SS, R6us GZ, Salvador M, Quevedo J, Gonsalves CA, Kapczincki F. Effects of mood stabilizers on DNA damage in an animal model of mania. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2008 33(6) 516-24. 

Cechinel-Recco K, Valvassori SS, Varela RB, Resende WR, Arent CO, Vitto MF, et al. Lithium and tamoxifen modulate ceUular plasticity cascades in animal model of mania. J Psychopharmacol 2012 26(12) 1594r-604. 

Clearly, a single neurotransmitter theory does not suffice to explain all known evidence. As a result, models that include two or more systems have been developed to encompass their modulatory interactions. One of the most cogent is the permissive hypothesis, which proposes that a decreased function in central serotonin transmission sets the stage for either a depressive or manic phase ( 60). This circumstance itself is not sufficient to produce the mood disturbance, however, with superimposed aberrations in NE function required to determine the phase of an affective episode (i.e., decreased 5-HT and decreased NE subserves depression decreased 5-HT and increased NE subserves mania). Data from animal studies to support this theory include the following ... 

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