Angle determination

Fig. X-8. Use of sessile drops or bubbles for contact angle determination.

Here D(Q) = D(a,f, y), Euler angles a, (5 and y being chosen so that the first two coincide with the spherical angles determining orientation e = e(j], a). Using the theorem about transformation of irreducible tensor operators during rotation [23], we find... 

The method is based on the fact that plane-polarized light does not reflect from the interface when it is incident at the Brewster angle, determined by the equation... 

The incident beam normal to the interface is quasi-elastically scattered by the capillary wave with a Doppler shift at an angle determined by the following equation (Fig. 1) ... 

Jet Half Angle. Determination of jet half-angle is shown also in Fig. 19. The jet half-angle can thus be calculated from the experimentally measured bubble size and jet penetration depth as follows ... 

Increase Adhesion Tension Maximize Surface Tension Minimize Contact Angle Determine the critical surfactant concentration to maximize adhesion tension. Control impurity levels in particle formation... 

The bond lengths and angles determined by double resonance modulation microwave spectroscopy are shown in Figure 1 <1984CHEC(6)463>. 

From the good fit to the experimental spectra it is thus evident that one characteristic angle 9 describes the whole tilt series and that the underlying cone model for the bond vectors is consistent. The accuracy of the angles determined is estimated to be within... 

The eomparison of our results (a = 16.70 A, b = 16.92(1) A, c = 5.22 A, a-P=90°, y=119.7°) with the former cell determination of Rius and a recent one refined by him from synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction (a = b = 16.8820(9) A, c = 5.2251(3) A, a=P=90°, y=120°) [7] is quite satisfying. Due to the spike function and some possible misalignment the uncertainty in tilt angle determination is at least 0.5°. Therefore, electron diffraction data will never be as accurate as x-ray powder data. Assuming a correct alignment of the eucentric height we still find an inaccuracy of minimum 0.2 A for direct measured values and of at least 0.5 A for calculated cell distances. 

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