Amplitude imaging

Figure Bl.18.6. Schematic representation of Zemike s phase contrast method. The object is assumed to be a relief grating in a transparent material of constant index of refraction. Phase and amplitude are varied by the Zemike diaphragm, such that an amplitude image is obtained whose contrast is, m principle, adjustable.

FIGURE 9.17 A 20 X 20 jun amplitude image of the PU sample after several 16 X 16 force—volume tests in the same area. (From Huson, M.G. and Maxwell, J.M., Polym. Test., 25, 2, 2006.)... 

Selected entries from Methods in Enzymology [vol, page(s)] Algorithms [amplitude image calculation, 240, 733-736 Fourier transform, 240, 734, 736 phase angle calculation, 240, 733-736] calcium quantitation, 240, 740-742 chloride ion quantitation,... 

PHASE AND AMPLITUDE IMAGING OF EVOLVING WAVEPACKETS BY SPECTROSCOPIC MEANS... 

In spite of the apparent sensitivity to the material properties, the direct assignment of the phase contrast to variation in the chemical composition or a specific property of the surface is hardly possible. Considerable difficulties for theoretical examination of the tapping mode result from several factors (i) the abrupt transition from an attractive force regime to strong repulsion which acts for a short moment of the oscillation period, (ii) localisation of the tip-sample interaction in a nanoscopic contact area, (iii) the non-linear variation of both attractive forces and mechanical compliance in the repulsive regime, and (iv) the interdependence of the material properties (viscoelasticity, adhesion, friction) and scanning parameters (amplitude, frequency, cantilever position). The interpretation of the phase and amplitude images becomes especially intricate for viscoelastic polymers. 

Fig. 34. SFM amplitude images of the oligo(hexafluoropropene) substituted PMA films on mica after annealing at room temperature for 50 h [324]. Depending on the number ol HFPO units, polymers exhibit either a autophobic wetting behaviour for HFP05 or b stable coverage with a 10 nm thick film for HFP03...

Figure 16.5 (a) Amplitude image of nanoscale ferroelectric domain on PZT thin film (b) Cross-sectional amplitude image taken along A-A . 

From scans with smaller scan ranges globular-shaped entities can be observed on the epoxy which are rather pronounced, especially in the FMM amplitude images. That kind of heterogeneity could be found both next to... 

In the amplitude image in Fig. 13a granular structures next to the borderline are visible with a total width ranging from 2.5 to 5.6 nm, as measured along the line perpendicular to the Cu/epoxy borderline. This is similar to the interphase from Fig. 12. The globules detectable on bulk epoxy exhibit diameters within the range of 150 and 460 nm see Fig. 13b,c. Hence, they are smaller than the granules of Fig. 13a that are extended over - 1.5 to 3.9 /tm. 

The conversion of phase object to amplitude image required for recording the responses shown can be accomplished through various... 

On the basis of Eq.(2), a comparison of the phase shift measured by electron holography and the calculated Ac ) yields the line charge q. Figure 7 shows the evaluated amplitude and phase of an electron hologram for the transmitted beam. The dislocation line direction is indicated by the dashed line in the amplitude image. Due to the noise, the position of the dislocation is visible only by a weak dark contrast in the phase image. 

Fig. 2.11 Scope traces for TM-AFM height and amplitude images recorded for different gain settings (details see text)...

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