AMPK phosphorylates

Recent results from our laboratory establish CaMKKp as a physiologically relevant AMPK in mice and suggest that it mediates the ghrelin-induced activation of AMPK and NPY in hypothalamic NPY neurons. In situ hybridization revealed that CaMKKp mRNA is expressed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Mice null for the CaMKKp gene show decreased hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation and activity as well as NPY/AgRP mRNAs. The CaMKKp null mice fed... 

Cellular regulation of AMPK has been suggested through multiple mechanisms, and phosphorylation of Thrl72 on AMPK is a key mechanism that controls AMPK activity. AMPK phosphorylation is regulated through both AMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms. 

FIGURE 23-37 Regulation of fatty acid synthesis and /S oxidation by AMPK action on acetyl-CoA carboxylase. When activated by elevated 5 -AMP, AMPK phosphorylates a Thr residue on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), inactivating it. This prevents the synthesis of malonyl-CoA, the first intermediate in fatty acid synthesis, and reduction in [malonyl-CoA] relieves the inhibition of carnitine acyl-transferase I, allowing fatty acids to enter the mitochondrial matrix to undergo j8 oxidation. 

Biguanides Metformin Suppression of hepatic gluconeo-genesis by AMPK phosphorylation Low rates of hypoglycemia, weight stability/loss, better insulin sensitivity Gastrointestinal side effects and possible affection to renal or hepatic function... 

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