Chlorpromazine Amphetamines

Also analyzed amitriptyline, amphetamine, chlorpromazine, desipramine, desmethyldox-epin, diethylpropion, doxepin, ephedrine, fenfluramine, imipramine, mesoridazine, meth-amphetamine, nortriptyline, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine, promazine, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine... 

Powell. D.A. Walters, K. Duncan, S. and Holley, J.R. The effects of chlorpromazine and ( -amphetamine upon shock-elicited aggression. Psychopharmacologia 30 303-314, 1973. 

The administration of low doses of PCP to rodents induces hyperactivity and stereotypy (Chen et al. 1959 ). The observation that neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and pimozide, and adrenolytics such as alpha-methyl paratyrosine antagonize these behavioral effects of PCP suggests that they are mediated by facilitation of central dopaminergic neurotransmission (Murray and Horita 1979). The actions of PCP on central dopaminergic neurotransmission may be similar to amphetamine. A dose of PCP (2.5 mg/kg) in rats, which has no effects when given alone, enhances the behavioral effects of 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine (Balster and Chait 1978). PCP, like dopamine, has also been shown to suppress plasma prolactin (Bayorh et al. 1983). However, the firm establishment of an excl usive relationship between dopamine neuro-transmission and PCP effects is difficult because of the prominent interactions of this drug with other neurotransmitter systems. 

Hill, H. F., Bell, E. C., and Wilder, A. (1967) Reduction of conditioned suppression Actions of morphine compared with those of amphetamine, pentobarbital, nalorphine, cocaine, LSD-25, and chlorpromazine. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 165 212-225. 

Casey JF, Hollister LE, Klett CJ, et al. Combined drug therapy of chronic schizophrenics. Controlled evaluation of placebo, dextro-amphetamine, imipramine, isocarboxazid, and trifluoperazine added to maintenance doses of chlorpromazine. Am J Psychiatry 1961 117 997-1003. 

A stereotyped compulsive behavior is induced both in humans and in laboratory animals by amphetamines. This provided the basis for a method that has been used to measure the action of drugs on amphetamine-sensitive centers of the brain. A lesion in the nigrostriatal bundle on one side of a rat brain was made by injection of a neurotoxic compound such as 6-hydroxydopamine. This caused degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons on one side of the brain. When rats that had been injured in this way were given amphetamines, they developed a compulsive rotational behavior. Administration of chlorpromazine and several other antipsychotic drugs neutralized this behavior and in direct proportion to the efficacy in clinical use, an observation that also supports the theory that schizophrenia involves overactivity of dopamine neurons. 

Rabbit strains may exhibit up to 20-fold variation, particularly in the case of hexobarbital, amphetamine, and aminopyrine metabolism. Relatively smaller differences between strains occur with chlorpromazine metabolism. Wild rabbits and California rabbits display the greatest differences from other rabbit strains in hepatic drug metabolism. 

The drug chlorpromazine (Thorazine) blocks the effects amphetamines have on the central nervous sys-... 

Frequent symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal include excessive fatigue and depression. These may also occur nausea, vomiting, chills, cramps, headaches, and arrhythmia (a change in the rhythm of the heartbeat). A physician may prescribe antidepressants to help alleviate depression during amphetamine withdrawal. Also during withdrawal, if psychosis and/or hallucinations are experienced, treatment with chlorpromazine (Thorazine) or haloperidol (Haldol) may be necessary. Finally, ammonium chloride may be prescribed to more quickly remove amphetamines through the urine. 

Information on pemoline s tolerance and toxicity is not available. However, as with almost any drag, there is a chance of psychological and/or physical dependence with excessive doses and/or long-term misuse (57). In comparison to methylphenidate and amphetamine, pemoline has the least potential for abuse (39). Benowitz (41) suggests that approximately 3 mg/kg pemoline should be considered life-threatening. Treatment for overdose is similar to what has been recommended for methylphenidate and amphetamine. In cases of overdose, the administration of chlorpromazine has been found useful for decreasing the amount of CNS overstimulation (57). 

Differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) responding in a Skinnerbox has been used in different studies as a test for teratogenic effects on behavior. Prenatal treatment of rats vith haloperidol resulted in normal baseline level of lever pressing in a Skinnerbox for a water reward. However, like after postnatal haloperidol treatment, an increase in the number of sessions to criterion for DRL responding was observed in these animals (ref. 41). Simple acquisition of the bar-press response for water reward was shown to be affected by prenatal treatment vith chlorpromazine, but not by prenatal amphetamine treatment (ref. 137). The response rate, but not response accuracy, in a left-right alternation learning test in a Skinnerbox was increased after neonatal clomipramine treatment ref. 34). 

Correct choice = B. Amphetamines should not be used in patients receiving MAO inhibitors, since amphetamine itself weakly inhibits MAO. Chlorpromazine relieves the CNS symptoms and the hypertension because of its a-blocking effects. The euphoria caused by amphetamine lasts 4 to 6 hours, or 4 to 8 times longer than the effects of cocaine. 

Espelin DE, Done AK. Amphetamine poisoning. Effectiveness chlorpromazine N Engl J Med 1968 278(25) 1361-5. 

Haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lithium may inhibit stimulatory effects of amphetamines... 

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